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Med Term Ch3
Chapter 3 - Medical Terminology for Health Professions 9th E Schroeder
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 functions of the Skeletal System | 1. Framework of the Body 2. Support & Protect internal organs 3. Joints work with Muscles/Tendons to facilitate movement 4. Store calcium, mineral needed for nerve/muscle function 5. Produce blood cells via bone marrow |
| Ossification | The process of cartilage turning into bone. |
| Osteoclast | A bone cell that breaks down old or damaged bone. |
| Osteoblast | A bone cell that helps rebuild bone cells. |
| 3 Major Anatomic Landmarks of Bones | Proximal Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Distal Epiphysis |
| Periosteum | The tough, fibrous outermost tissue covering a bone. |
| Compact Bone | AKA Cortical Bone, dense, hard, very strong bone. Over 75% of the body's bones by weight. |
| Spongy Bone | AKA Cancellous Bone, porous bone that is lighter and weaker than Compact Bone. Usually in the ends and inner parts of bones, holds bone marrow. |
| Medullary Cavity | The central cavity within the shaft of long bones, surrounded by compact bone. Red and yellow bone marrow are stored here. |
| Medullary | Pertaining to the Inner Section |
| Endosteum | The tissue that lines the medullary cavity, or the inner cavity. |
| Red Bone Marrow | Located in the Spongy Bone, is a blood-forming tissue that makes red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes. |
| Hematopoietic | Pertaining to the formation of blood cells. |
| Yellow Bone Marrow | A fat-storage area within the bone. There is relatively less Yellow Blood Marrow in childhood, and relatively more Yellow Blood Marrow after Adolescence is complete. |
| Cartilage | Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue. Acts as a shock absorber. More elastic and comprises flexible areas such as outer ear. |
| Articular Cartilage | The layer of cartilage that covers surfaces of bones where they articulate (create joints) to make smooth joint movements. |
| Meniscus | The curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and TMJ. |
| Diaphasys | The shaft of a long bone |
| Epiphysis (plural Epiphyses) | Wider ends of long bones, which are further distinguished by location terminology: proximal and distal. |
| Foramen | The opening in a bone that allows for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments. |
| Foramen Magnum | The foramen in the skull / occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass through. |
| Process | A normal projection on the surface of a bone that commonly surves as an attachment point for a muscle or tendon. |
| Mastoid Process | A bony projection on the temporal bones just behind the ears, that connects to muscles of the jaw. |
| Joints | AKA articulations, locations where two or more bones come together that allow for movement. |
| Fibrous Joints | AKA sutures, joints made of dense connective tissue, holding bones tightly together that allow for little or no movement. |
| Fontanells | AKA Soft spots, are joints found on the skull of a newborn that allow flexibility as the infant passes through the birth canal, and throughout development will gradually harden into sutures. |
| Cartilaginous Joints | Joints that allow for only short or small movements, connected entirely by cartilage. This includes the connection from sternum to ribs, and the pubic symphysis. |
| Synovial Joints | Joints that allow a variety of motions, further distinguished by the form of movement allowed. |
| Ball-and-socket joints | Wide range of movement in many directions such as the hips and shoulders. |
| Hinge Joints | Allow for a large degree of movement primarily in one direction or plane, such as knees or elbows. |
| 3 Components of Synovial Joints | Synovial Capsule, Synovial Membrane, Synovial Fluid |
| Synovial Capsule | The outermost layer of strong and fibrous tissue that makes a sleeve around the joint. |
| Synovial Membrane | Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid. |
| Synovial Fluid | Flows in the synovial cavity and acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint as possible. |
| Ligaments | Fibrous tissue bands that connect one bone to another, forming joints. Can also join bone and cartilage. |
| Bursa | A fibrous sac that is a cushion in joints that sits in spaces formed by bones and ligaments to ease movement. |
| Number of Bones in an Average Adult Human Skeleton | 206 |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Responsible for body movement, the bones that can be divided into "Lower extremities" and "upper extremities". Includes the hips as well as the shoulder girdle. Usually 126 bones. |
| Axial Skeleton | Protects the major organs of the body. Contains about 80 bones that fit 5 areas: skull, ossicles, hyoid, ribcage, and vertebral column. |
| Appendicular | related to an appendage |
| Appendage | Anything attached to a major part of the body |
| Extremity | The terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg. |
| Bones of the Cranium | (8) : Frontal Bone, Parietal bones (2), Occipital Bone, Temporal bones (2), Sphenoid bone, Ethmoid Bone |
| Meatus | External opening of a canal |
| External Auditory meatus | The open end of the auditory canal, AKA, the outer ear. This canal is in the temporal bone on each side of the skull. |
| Sphenoid or Ethmoid | Both are the "more internal" bones of the cranium. Sphenoid touches all other cranial bones, forms the floor/sides of eye sockets. Ethmoid is a spongy bone, separating the nasal cavity from the brain. Touches Lacrimal bone. |
| Auditory Ossicles | The 3 "ear bones" malleus, incus, and stapes. Smallest bones in the body! |
| Facial bones | Nasal (2), Zygomatic (2), Maxillary (2) Palatine (2), Lacrimal (2), inferior conchae, (2), vomer, mandible. |
| Temporomandibular Joint | AKA TMJ, the joint where the jaw (mandible) attaches to the temporal bone. |
| Thoracic Cavity | AKA the rib cage. Made of the Ribs and the Shoulders, as well as the upper portion of the spinal column (Thoracic Vertebrae) |
| The kinds of Ribs (Costals) | True Ribs (7) - first seven pairs that connect to the sternum. False Ribs (3) - three pairs that connect to the sternum via cartilage. Floating Ribs - two pairs that do not attach to the sternum, only to vertebrae |
| The three parts of the Sternum (Breast Bone) | The Manubrium, the body of the sternum (gladiolus), The Xiphoid Process |
| Bones of the Shoulder / Pectoral Girdle | Clavicle, Scapula, Acromion |
| Bones of the Arm | Humerus, Radius (THUMB SIDE), Ulna (PINKY SIDE) |
| Olecranon | AKA Funny Bone. Large, proximal tip of the ulna, forming the point of the elbow. |
| Bones of the wrist, hand, and fingers | 8 Carpals (wrist), 5 Metacarpals, 14 Phalanges |
| Parts / Subdivisions of Spinal Column | Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5 Fused to 1), Coccyx (4 fused to 1) |
| Parts of the Vertebrae | The Body, The Lamina, and the Vertebral Foramen. |
| Coccyx | Tailbone, base of spine |
| 3 Bones of the Pelvis | Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis |
| Acetabulum | The "Hip Socket" - the circular cavity in the side of the pelvis. |
| Ilium | "Hip bones" |
| Ischium | "Sit Bones" |
| Pubis | "Crotch Bones" |
| Pubic Symphysis | The place where the two pubis bones join, the Anterior art of the pelvis. |
| Bones of the Legs and Knees | Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges |
| Popliteal | said: pop-LIT-ee-al, the posterior space behind the knee where ligaments, vessels, and muscles of the joint are located. |
| Cruciate Ligaments | Ligaments of the knee that allow for knee movement. The ACL is the Anterior Cruciate Ligament |
| Chiropractor | A Doctor of Chiropractic specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine |
| Orthopedic Surgeon | AKA Orthopedist, a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders with bones, joints, and muscles |
| Osteopath | A has a Doctor of Osteopathy. Osteopathy can ALSO mean any disease of a bone. |
| Podiatrist | Holds a Doctor of Podiatry or a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree. Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot. |
| Rheumatologist | A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that present with inflammation in the joints and connective tissues. |
| Ankylosis | Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury , or surgical procedure |
| Adhesive Capsulitis | AKA Frozen Shoulder. Painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter. |
| Arthrosclerosis | Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly. |
| Baker's Cyst | AKA Popliteal cyst. A fluid-filled syst behind the knee, named for William Baker. |
| Bursitis | Inflammation of the Bursa |
| Chrondromalacia | Softening of cartilage |
| Costochondrosis | Inflammation in the cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum |
| Hallux Valgus | AKA Bunion. The abnormal enlargement of the joint of the big toe |
| Hemarthrosis | Blood within a joint, usually due to joint injury. |
| Hemophilia | A blood-clotting disorder |
| Polymyalgia Rheumatica | AKA PMR. An inflammatory disorder that causes pain in the neck, shoulder, upper arms, hips, and thighs |
| Sprain | The injury to ligaments that connect bones in a joint when improperly torn or wrenched out of optimal position. |
| Synovitis | The inflammation of the synovial membrane. |
| Dislocation | AKA Luxation. The total displacement of a bone from its joint |
| Subluxation | The partial displacement of a bone from it's joint |
| Arthritis | An inflammatory condition of one ore more joints. |
| Osteoarthritis | AKA OA. AKA Wear-and-tear arthritis. AKA degenerative joint disease. The wearing down of articular cartilage within joints. |
| Osteophytes | AKA Bone Spurs. Bony projections that can cause pain or restrict movement. |
| Spondylosis | AKA Spinal Osteoarthritis. Degenerative condition of the spinal structure or function. |
| Gout | AKA Gouty Arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis caused by urate crystals in the joints. |
| Pseudogout | A form of arthritis cause by the buildup of pyrophosphate crystals. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | AKA RA. A chronic autoimmune disorder in which joints are attacked by the immune system-- this includes the synovial membranes. |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | AKA AS. A type of arthritis that causes inflammation in the joints of the vertebrae. |
| Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | AKA JIA. An autoimmune disorder that affects children 16 and younger, often outgrown. |
| Psoriatic Arthritis | Inflammatory form of arthritis developed by 20% of people with psoriasis |
| Herniated Disk | AKA slipped disk AKA Ruptured Disk. The breaking apart of an intervertebral disc resulting in a bulge that puts pressure on spinal nerves |
| Lumbago | AKA Low Back Pain. |
| Spondylolisthesis | The forward slipping movement of the body from one of the lower lumbar vertebrae |
| Spina Bifida | A congenital Defect that occurs during early pregnancy where the spinal canal doesn't close. |
| Kyphosis | AKA Hunchback. The abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. |
| Lordosis | AKA Swayback. The abnormal increase in the inward curvature of the lumbar spine. |
| Scoliosis | The abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. |
| Avascular Necrosis | AKA osteonecrosis. When an area of bone tissue dies due to insufficient blood flow. |
| Osteitis | Inflammation of a bone. |
| Osteomalacia | AKA Adult Rickets. The abnormal softening of bones in adults, often due to a deficiency of Vitamin D |
| Osteomyelitis | Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. Usually caused by a bacterial infection. |
| Paget's Disease | A chronic bone disease bone bone is broken down and new bone formed is often misshapen and weak. |
| Periostitis | Inflammation of the periosteum, such as shin splints. |
| Radiculopathy | The compression of a nerve in the spine. AKA pinched nerve. |
| Rickets | A disease in children characterized by defective bone growth. |
| Why have American cases of Rickets decreased? | America often fortifies milk with vitamin D, which allows for the appropriate absorption of calcium, which helps normal bone growth. |
| Spinal Stenosis | A narrowing of spaces in the spine, which puts pressure on nerves and the spinal cord. |
| Short Stature | Formerly Dwarfism. More than 200 conditions fit into this category. |
| Clubfoot | AKA Talipes. A congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus. |
| Malignant | becoming progressively worse or life-threatening. |
| Bone Metastasis | When cancer cells from elsewhere in the body spread to the bones. |
| Multiple Myeloma | A type of cancer that happens in blood-making plasma cells in red bone marrow. |
| Osteochondroma | A benign bony projection covered with cartilage |
| Benign | Something that is not life-threatening and does not recur |
| Extosis | A type of outgrowth of tissue. |
| Osteoporosis | The significant loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity. |
| Osteopenia | A thinner-than-average bone density. |
| Compression Fracture | When a bone is pressed together on itself |
| Colles fracture | AKA broken wrist. The fracture of the distal end of the radius, usually happening when someone uses their hands to break a fall. |
| Fracture | Broken Bone |
| Closed Fracture | AKA Simple fracture, AKA complete fracture. A bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin |
| Open Fracture | AKA compound fracture. A bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin. |
| Comminuted Fracture | A break where a bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces |
| Incomplete Fracture | In which a bone does not break into two separate pieces, occurring primarily in children |
| Greenstick fracture | Only one side of the bone is broken, and the other side is only bent |
| Buckle Fracture | AKA Torus Fracture. The side of a bone is compressed and bends but doesn't break. |
| Oblique Fracture | A break that goes at an angle across the bone |
| Pathologic Fracture | A break that happens under normal strain. |
| Spiral Fracture | A complete break in which a bone has been twisted apart. |
| Stress Fracture | An overuse injury. Usually a small crack in the bone that develops from chronic excessive impact. |
| Transverse fracture | A break that is straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone. |
| Fat Embolis | When the fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood, creating a blockage. |
| Crepitation | AKA Crepitus. The sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together, or the popping and clicking sounds in the movement of the joints. |
| Callus | The thickening of the bone tissue that forms when a bone heals from a break. Also the thickening of the tissue of the skin |
| Radiography | AKA X-ray imaging. Images that help visualize bone fractures or abnormalities |
| Arthroscopy | The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope. |
| Bone Marrow Biopsy | A diagnostic test where a small amount of Bone Marrow is removed and tested. |
| Bone Marrow Aspiration | The use of a syringe to withdraw tissue from the red bone marrow. |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | AKA MRI. Used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of joints. Not as effective on hard tissues. |
| Computed Tomography | AKA CT scan - a diagnostic procedure |
| Bone Density Testing | Used to diagnose different bone disease that deal with the density of bones. |
| Bisphosphonates | A class of medical drugs that slow loss of bone density. |
| Bone Marrow Transplant | A stem cell transplant used to treat some cancers. First the cancer cells and the patient's bone marrow are destroyed via radiation and chemo, then new cells are introduced. |
| Allogenic | Using the cells or tissues from a donor to do a procedure. |
| Autologous | Using the cells or tissues from the patient to do a procedure. |
| Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant | Uses stem cells in the blood stream as the transplant material, drawn, stored, and returned though blood. |
| Orthotic | A mechanical appliance used to support, control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function. |
| Prosthesis | A substitute for a diseased or missing body part. |
| Arthrodesis | AKA surgical ankylosis. The surgical fusion of joints. |
| Arthroscopic Surgery | A minimally invasive procedure to look at the interior of a joint through small incisions. |
| Bone Grafting | A surgical procedure to transplant bone. |
| Synovectomy | The surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint. |
| Revision surgery | The replacement or a worn or failed implant, a surgery to fix something you have fixed before. |
| Amputation | The surgical or accidental removal of a limb. |
| Percutaneous Diskectomy | The removal of part of an intervertebral disk via a tube through the skin |
| Percutaneous Vertebroplasty | Bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures in a minimally-invasive procedure. |
| Laminectomy | The surgical removal of the lamina (posterior portion of the vertebrae). |
| Spinal Fusion | A technique to join together two or more vertebrae |
| Decompressive Craniectomy | The surgical removal of a portion of the skull. |
| Intracranial pressure | The amount of pressure inside the skull which pushes out on the cranial bones. |
| Craniotomy | The surgical incision or opening into the skull |
| Osteotomy | The surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone. |
| Closed Reduction | AKA manipulation. The attempted non-surgical realignment of the bone. |
| Open reduction | A surgical procedure to realign the parts of the bone. |
| Immobilization | AKA stabilization. The act of holding or fastening a bone to a fixed position. |
| Traction | A pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction to aid in alignment |
| External Fixation | Using an external appliance to hold bones firmly in place while healing, then removed. |
| Internal Fixation | Using hardware directly against the bone to repair an injury or flaw, which usually remains in the body indefinitely. |
| TKR, THR | Total Knee Replacement, Total Hip Replacement |
| OA, OP | Osteoarthritis, Osteoporosis |
| PKR | Partial Knee Replacement |
Created by:
SBezek
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