Muscular System - Defintions
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| Movement | a result of muscular contraction. relies on the functioning of the muscles, bones and joints.
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| Maintaining posture | stabilising joints, posture and balance through continued partial
muscle contraction.
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| Heat production | also known as thermogenesis. Helps maintain normal body
temperature
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| Storage of substances | glycogen and oxygen
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| Contractility | ability to contract (shorten).
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| Excitability | ability to conduct an electrical current. Nerve impulses cause muscles to contract.
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| Extensibility | ability to stretch without being damaged.
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| Elasticity | ability to return to original length and shape after contraction or extension (spring).
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate
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| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen present
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| Anaerobic respiration | the absence of oxygen
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| Creatine phosphate | protein unique to muscles and is an energy storage form
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| muscle hypertrophy | also known as muscle growth
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| Creatinine | by-product from the breakdown of creatine phosphate
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes eyes
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| Orbicularis oris | closes/pouts lips
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| masseter | mastication/chewing
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| Temporalis | mastication/chewing
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| Sternocleidomastoid | turns and tilts head
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| Trapezius | Pulls head backwards. Elevates (shrugs) and retracts shoulders.
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| Supraspinatus | Initial abduction of shoulder
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| Psoas | Hip flexor (pulls thigh towards trunk)
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| Latissimus dorsi | Extends, adducts and internally rotates arms
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| Quadratus lumborum | Bending backwards or sideways (vertebral extension or lateral flexion).
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| Erector spinae | Extension of the vertebral column. Keeps spine upright
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| Pectoralis major | Draws arms forward: Shoulder flexion and medial rotation.
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| Rectus abdominis | Vertebral flexion: Bending
forward (crunches).
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| Internal and external obliques | Rotation, bending sideways.
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| Deltoid | Flexion, abduction and extension of shoulder joint.
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| Biceps brachii | Stabilises shoulder joint; flexion and supination of forearm
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| Triceps brachii | Arm abduction; extends elbow
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| Flexor carpi muscle | Flexes the hand at the wrist joint
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| Extensor carpi muscle | Extends the hand at the wrist joint
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| Gluteus maximus | External rotation, abduction and extension of the hip joint.
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| Piriformis | Externally rotates hips
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| Hamstring | Bends knee (flexes knee)
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| Rectus femoris | Flexes hip and extends knee
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| Thigh abductors | Squeeze the thighs together
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| Tibialis anterior | Dorsiflexion and inversion of the
foot (and supports medial arch
of foot).
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| Soleus | Plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle.
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| Gastrocnemius | Flexes leg at the knee. Plantar flexion of foot.
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| intercalated discs | Cardiac muscle cells are joined end-to-end by specialised structures
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| hyperplasia | increase in number
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| myocytes | mature cells
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| myoblasts | immature cells that fuse with other myoblasts to create myocytes
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| sarcolemma | cell membrane in muscle cell/fibre
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| transverse tubules | tubes that extend from cell membrane into muscle cells
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum | stores calcium needs for muscle contraction
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| myoglobin | Contains red coloured, iron and oxygenbinding protein
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| myofibrils | cylindrical structures formed of bundles of protein filaments within the muscle fibre.
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| myofilaments | smaller filaments
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| actin | thin filaments
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| myosin | thick filaments
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| sarcomeres | basic unit of striated muscle
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| fascia | dense sheet of connective tissue that organises muscle, secures it to skin and provides stability
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