Autonomic Nervous System
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| show | prepares body for heightened activity; fight or flight |
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| show | facilitates normal body maintenance; rest and reset |
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| Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system come from? | thoracic and lumbar spinal cord | show 🗑
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| Where do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system come from? | brainstem and the sacral spinal cord | show 🗑
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| show | Input for both comes from the brain |
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| What part of the brain can regulate activation of the ANS? | hypothalamus; the hypothalamus activates appropriate preganglionic neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Acetylcholine (ACh) nicotinic receptors and some metabotropic |
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| Which NTs are in the postganglionic neurons in the PARASYMPATHETIC NS? | ACh | show 🗑
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| Which NTs are in the postganglionic neurons in the SYMPATHETIC NS? | Norepinephrine (NE); metabotropic | show 🗑
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| How many types of adrenergic (NE) receptors are there? | show |
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| Describe the a1 adrenergic receptor | causes smooth muscle contraction; result in depolarization | show 🗑
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| Describe the a2 adrenergic receptor | can result in either the inhibition of transmitter release or smooth muscle contraction; results in depolarization | show 🗑
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| Describe the B adrenergic receptors | show |
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| How does the SNS affect the adrenal medulla? | show |
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| What type of reflexes are used to maintain homeostasis? | show |
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| Describe the enteric nervous system | -neurons associated with the gastrointestinal tract -controls the secretion of digestive enzymes, fluids, etc.-there is cross talk between the CNS and the enteric NS | show 🗑
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| What occurs during a stress response? | show |
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| What are the 2 primary components of the stress response? | 1. Sympathetic NS activation 2. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation | show 🗑
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| Describe SNS activation | show |
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| Describe HPA axis activation | -Cortisol is released into the bloodstream -Take about ONE hour after stressor initiated | show 🗑
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| show | 1. somatosensory system = visceral stressors (pain, pressure, temperature) 2. immune system | 3. limbic system = emotional stressors
4. brain stem= homeostatic stressors
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| show | CRH transcription and release |
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| show | Into the hypophyseal portal system from where it then travels to the anterior pituitary |
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| What NT does CRH cause the anterior pituitary to release? | Acetylcholine (ACh) | show 🗑
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| After ACh and ACTH is released and stimulates the adrenal cortex, what is released into the blood stream? | show |
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| show | - increases alertness- promotes the release of blood glucose release -inhibits the immune system- affects memory |
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| show | Cortisol lasts longer in the system that epinephrine and NE (these two have shorter half lifes and are broken down faster). |
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| What kind of feedback does the glucocorticoid, cortisol, produce? | Negative feedback; the release of cortisol results in the decrease in the release of CRH and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) | show 🗑
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| show | CRH is continuously released despite the negative feedback |
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| show | Cortisol has a higher affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors (cortisol [a glucocorticoid, GR]) transforms into cortisone which then transforms into aldosterone [a mineralocorticoid, MR]) | There is greater memory performance when MRs are saturated and there is lower memory performance when GRs are activated.
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| Why do MRs improve memory compared to GRs? | MRs enhance LTP magnitude while GRs reduce LTP. | show 🗑
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| show | -Upregulates NMDA receptors -causes increase in Ca2+ which can lead to excitotoxicity and apoptosis -chronic cortisol put the cells at an energy crisis |
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| show | The extra Ca2+ requires more ATP to pump it out and makes the cell more vulnerable to other processes that could reduce ATP levels (stroke and trauma) |
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