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Autonomic Nervous System

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
What does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) do?   prepares body for heightened activity; fight or flight   show
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) do?   show  
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show thoracic and lumbar spinal cord    
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system come from?   show  
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Where does the input for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS come from?   show  
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show hypothalamus; the hypothalamus activates appropriate preganglionic neurons    
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Which NTs are in the preganglionic neurons for both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons?   Acetylcholine (ACh) nicotinic receptors and some metabotropic   show
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Which NTs are in the postganglionic neurons in the PARASYMPATHETIC NS?   ACh   show
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Which NTs are in the postganglionic neurons in the SYMPATHETIC NS?   show  
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How many types of adrenergic (NE) receptors are there?   show  
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Describe the a1 adrenergic receptor   causes smooth muscle contraction; result in depolarization   show
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show can result in either the inhibition of transmitter release or smooth muscle contraction; results in depolarization    
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Describe the B adrenergic receptors   causes dilation of skeletal muscles, heart muscle contraction, and smooth muscle relaxation   show
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show The SNS causes the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into the bloodstream and locally onto neurons    
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show Autonomic/visceral reflexes    
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show -neurons associated with the gastrointestinal tract -controls the secretion of digestive enzymes, fluids, etc.-there is cross talk between the CNS and the enteric NS    
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What occurs during a stress response?   There is enhanced function of systems that are necessary for survival/critical systems (circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscle, brain) and reduced function of non-critical systems (reproductive, digestive, urinary, and immune)   show
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What are the 2 primary components of the stress response?   1. Sympathetic NS activation 2. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation   show
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Describe SNS activation   - Norepinephrine (NE) is released on the smooth muscle glands- Epinephrine is released into bloodstream   show
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show -Cortisol is released into the bloodstream -Take about ONE hour after stressor initiated    
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Describe the systems that send input to the hypothalamus (PVN) so it can initiate a stress response   show 3. limbic system = emotional stressors 4. brain stem= homeostatic stressors  
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What does the activation of PVN cells lead to?   show  
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Where is CRH released to after PVN cells are activated?   show  
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show Acetylcholine (ACh)    
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After ACh and ACTH is released and stimulates the adrenal cortex, what is released into the blood stream?   show  
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Describe the effects of cortisol   show  
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How is cortisol different from epinephrine and norepinephrine?   Cortisol lasts longer in the system that epinephrine and NE (these two have shorter half lifes and are broken down faster).   show
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show Negative feedback; the release of cortisol results in the decrease in the release of CRH and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)    
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show CRH is continuously released despite the negative feedback    
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Why does cortisol have a greater influence on memory?   Cortisol has a higher affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors (cortisol [a glucocorticoid, GR]) transforms into cortisone which then transforms into aldosterone [a mineralocorticoid, MR])   show
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Why do MRs improve memory compared to GRs?   MRs enhance LTP magnitude while GRs reduce LTP.   show
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show -Upregulates NMDA receptors -causes increase in Ca2+ which can lead to excitotoxicity and apoptosis -chronic cortisol put the cells at an energy crisis    
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show The extra Ca2+ requires more ATP to pump it out and makes the cell more vulnerable to other processes that could reduce ATP levels (stroke and trauma)    
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Created by: keiannaowens
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