Autonomic Nervous System
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What does the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) do? | prepares body for heightened activity; fight or flight | show 🗑
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) do? | show |
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show | thoracic and lumbar spinal cord |
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Where do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system come from? | show |
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Where does the input for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS come from? | show |
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show | hypothalamus; the hypothalamus activates appropriate preganglionic neurons |
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Which NTs are in the preganglionic neurons for both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons? | Acetylcholine (ACh) nicotinic receptors and some metabotropic | show 🗑
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Which NTs are in the postganglionic neurons in the PARASYMPATHETIC NS? | ACh | show 🗑
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Which NTs are in the postganglionic neurons in the SYMPATHETIC NS? | show |
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How many types of adrenergic (NE) receptors are there? | show |
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Describe the a1 adrenergic receptor | causes smooth muscle contraction; result in depolarization | show 🗑
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show | can result in either the inhibition of transmitter release or smooth muscle contraction; results in depolarization |
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Describe the B adrenergic receptors | causes dilation of skeletal muscles, heart muscle contraction, and smooth muscle relaxation | show 🗑
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show | The SNS causes the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into the bloodstream and locally onto neurons |
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show | Autonomic/visceral reflexes |
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show | -neurons associated with the gastrointestinal tract -controls the secretion of digestive enzymes, fluids, etc.-there is cross talk between the CNS and the enteric NS |
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What occurs during a stress response? | There is enhanced function of systems that are necessary for survival/critical systems (circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscle, brain) and reduced function of non-critical systems (reproductive, digestive, urinary, and immune) | show 🗑
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What are the 2 primary components of the stress response? | 1. Sympathetic NS activation 2. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation | show 🗑
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Describe SNS activation | - Norepinephrine (NE) is released on the smooth muscle glands- Epinephrine is released into bloodstream | show 🗑
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show | -Cortisol is released into the bloodstream -Take about ONE hour after stressor initiated |
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Describe the systems that send input to the hypothalamus (PVN) so it can initiate a stress response | show | 3. limbic system = emotional stressors
4. brain stem= homeostatic stressors
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What does the activation of PVN cells lead to? | show |
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Where is CRH released to after PVN cells are activated? | show |
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show | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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After ACh and ACTH is released and stimulates the adrenal cortex, what is released into the blood stream? | show |
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Describe the effects of cortisol | show |
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How is cortisol different from epinephrine and norepinephrine? | Cortisol lasts longer in the system that epinephrine and NE (these two have shorter half lifes and are broken down faster). | show 🗑
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show | Negative feedback; the release of cortisol results in the decrease in the release of CRH and ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) |
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show | CRH is continuously released despite the negative feedback |
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Why does cortisol have a greater influence on memory? | Cortisol has a higher affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors (cortisol [a glucocorticoid, GR]) transforms into cortisone which then transforms into aldosterone [a mineralocorticoid, MR]) | show 🗑
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Why do MRs improve memory compared to GRs? | MRs enhance LTP magnitude while GRs reduce LTP. | show 🗑
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show | -Upregulates NMDA receptors -causes increase in Ca2+ which can lead to excitotoxicity and apoptosis -chronic cortisol put the cells at an energy crisis |
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show | The extra Ca2+ requires more ATP to pump it out and makes the cell more vulnerable to other processes that could reduce ATP levels (stroke and trauma) |
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