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VW Neuroverview
IS-B1-Overview of Neuroanatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _ areas in the brain are for interpreting sensory input and combining input from different systems for eventual output | Associational areas |
| A group of nerve fibers that connect one side of the brain with the other | Commissure |
| The actual crossing of the nerve fibers from one side to the other | Decussation |
| The axon portion of the neuron | White Matter |
| The cell body part of a neuron | Gray Matter |
| Afferent axons are Sensory or Motor? | Sensory |
| Efferent axons are Sensory or Motor? | Motor |
| The 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are divided by the _ ? | Longitudinal fissure |
| The cerebral cortex is comprised of _ matter and contains sensory and motor _ and association fibers that contributes to cognitive thought. | Gray Matter, Sensory and Motor Gyri. |
| Subcortical White Matter contains _ axons which carry info to and from the cortex. | Myelinated axons |
| The _ _ resides in the subcortical white matter and is the largest and most organized structure within it. | Internal Capsule |
| A prominent group of cell bodies called the _ _ are involved in motor function and lie beneath the subcortical white matter. | Basal Ganglia |
| The major brain lobes are divided by which two sulci? | Central Sulcus (frontal and parietal) and Lateral sulcus (temporal and parietal) |
| The Precentral Gyrus and the Premotor Cortex can be found in which lobe of the brain? | Frontal Lobe |
| The _ _ integrates motor functions to control voluntary movements in the frontal lobe. | Precentral Gyrus |
| The Precentral Gyrus controls (motor or sensory) functions? | Motor - voluntary movement |
| What is a homunculus? What does it represent? | A homunculus is "little man" depicts the relative sizes of populations of neurons associated with specific body parts |
| The Superior, MIddle and Inferior frontal gyri are all part of the _ cortex. | Premotor cortex |
| Broca's motor speech area can be found in the _ frontal gyrus. | Inferior |
| The Parietal Lobe is involved in _ processing such as pain, touch, etc. | Somatosensory |
| The _ _ in the parietal lobe receives tactile information. | Postcentral Gyrus |
| What 4 gyri reside on the dorsal surface of the frontal lobe? | Precentral, Superior, Middle and Inferior frontal gyri |
| What 5 gyri reside on dorsal surface of the parietal lobe? | Postcentral, Superior parietal lobule, Inferior parietal lobule (containing Supramarginal gyrus and Angular gyrus) |
| The _ parietal lobule contains these two gyri. | Supramarginal and Angular |
| A speech/language association area called _ area receives auditory and visual information and is located in the _ parietal lobule. | Wernicke's, Inferior |
| What 3 gyri reside on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe? What deep lateral gyrus is superior and medial to the _ temporal gyrus? | Superior, Middle and Inferior Temporal Gyri. Heschls' gyrus is deep, superior and medial to the Superior Temporal Gyrus. |
| Heschl's gyrus is also called the primary _ area. | Primary Auditory Area |
| The occipital lobe contains 2 gyri best seen on the medial aspect of the brain. | Cuneus (wedge) gyrus and Lingual (tongue) gyrus |
| The _-_ sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe. What lies directly inferior to this sulcus? | Parieto-occipital sulcus. The Cuneus and Lingual gyri. |
| What sulcus separates the lingual and cuneus gyri? | The Calcarine Sulcus |
| The precuneus gyrus (rostral to the cuneus gyrus) is responsible for _ association. | Visual |
| The _ gyrus is part of the motor homunculus representing foot and LE AND sensory homunculus representing genitalia, foot and LE. Why is this so? | Paracentral gyrus - because it is around the central sulcus and therefore contains part of the pre and part of the postcentral gyri. |
| This structure is part of the "limbic lobe" and controls mood, emotions, behaviors, learning and visceral processes. | Cingulate Gyrus |
| The Cingulate gyrus is located superior to the _ _ and inferior to the _ and _ gyri. | Superior to Corpus Callosum, inferior to the frontal and paracentral gyri. |
| This structure is a huge axonal fiber bundle that relays information to and from the right and left hemispheres. | Corpus Callosum |
| The corpus callosum has _ parts. Name them. | 4: rostrum, genu body, splenium |
| The Gyrus Rectus is located in the _ lobe and also referred to as the _ gyrus. | Frontal, Straight |
| What structure is lateral to the gyrus rectus? | The Orbital Gyri |
| The Olfactory Bulb and Tract are located between which gyri? | The orbital and straight gyri. |
| The Occipitotemporal gyrus and Parahippocampal gyrus are located in which lobe (inferior view)? | The Temporal Lobe |
| The rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus is specifically referred to as the _. | Uncus |
| Two structures deep in the parahippocampal gyrus which are part of the limbic system are called: | Amygdala and Hippocampus |
| 5 Basal Ganglia involved in motor integration that are deep cortical structures include: | Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Subthalamus, and Substantia Nigra |
| The Subthalamus is considered part of the _ | Diencephalon |
| The Substantia Nigra is part of what structure? | Midbrain |
| The Diencephalon consists of 4 major areas: | Dorsal Thalamus, Sub Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus |
| The _ _ integrates and relays sensory and motor information | Dorsal Thalamus |
| The _ _ is responsible for motor integration | Subthalamus |
| The _ regulates autonomic and visceral functions, synthesizes hormones... | Hypothalamus |
| This is the major gland of the epithalamus which converts serotonin to melatonin | Pineal Gland |
| Axonal fibers that relay information to and from the temporal lobes | Anterior Commissure |
| Axonal fibers that are part of the visual system | Posterior Commissure |
| axonal fibers that leave the hippocampus and project to the hypothalamus or septal areas | Fornix |
| tissue layer that separates the 2 lateral ventricles | Septum Pellucidum |
| The _ is also known as the pituitary stalk. | Infundibulum |
| The 3 major areas of the brainstem are: | Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata |
| The Cerebellum functions to monitor and coordinate _. | Motor system - muscle activity |
| The cerebral peduncles consist of descending axons involved in _ functions. These axons are known as the _ tracts. | Motor function, Corticospinal Tracts |
| In the anterior area of the midbrain, the cranial nerve _ has nerve fibers that project out. | CN III - Oculomotor |
| In the posterior area of the midbrain, the cranial nerve _ has nerve fibers that project out. | CN IV - Trochlear |
| The Superior and Inferior Colliculi are located where? | In the posterior area of the midbrain. |
| The superior colliculi is associated with _ processing. The inferior colliculi is associated with _ processing. | Visual, Auditory |
| The anterior area of the Pons is home to which 4 cranial nerves? | CN V, VI, VII and VIII |
| The posterior area of the Pons is home to 3 cerebellar peduncles, named: | Superior, Middle and Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles |
| The Anterior area of the Medulla contain which two oddly named structures? | Pyramids and Olives |
| The pyramids contain what? | Descending nerve fibers |
| The _ contain cell bodies of neurons in the auditory pathway. | Olives |
| The anterior area of the Medulla is home to which 4 cranial nerves? | CN IX, X, XI and XII |
| The posterior area of the Medulla is home to which tubercles? | The Gracile tubercles and Cuneate tubercles |
| The _ tubercles are medial bumps which contain cell bodies that are part of the somatosensory pathway (PC/ML). | Gracile Tubercles |
| The _ tubercles are lateral bumps which contain cell bodies that are part of the somatosensory pathway (PC/ML) | Cuneate Tubercles |
| Describe the path of CSF through the ventricular system | 2 lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramen (of Monro) -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> lateral foramina of Luschka and medial foramen of Majendie |
| The _ _ creates CSF | Choroid Plexus |
| The ventricles are lined by _ cells that convert plasma to CSF | ependymal cells |
| meninges: the outermost layer, very thick, contains venous sinuses | Dura Mater |
| meninges: below dura mater | Arachnoid Membrane |
| meninges: innermost meningeal layer | Pia Mater |
| The space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that contains the arachnoid projections: | Subarachnoid space |
| The _ _ goes into the sinuses between the dura mater so the CSF can drain. | Arachnoid villi |
| _ are where the subarachnoid space expands | Cisterns |
| Name the 6 major cisterns: | Pontine, Interpeduncular, Chiasmatic, Superior, Cerebellomedullary, Lumbar |
| Another name for Arachnoid Villi is: | Arachnoid granulations |
| Name the 2 major reflections of the dura: | Falx cerebri and Tentorium cerebelli |
| The supra and infratentorial compartments are separated by what? | Tentorium cerebelli |
| The _ compartment is the entire _ cranial fossa. | Infratentorial, Posterior |
| Which 2 structures are commonly involved in intracranial trauma: | Uncus and Cerebellar Tonsils |
| The uncus can herniate into the _ and impinge on the midbrain. | Tentorial Notch |
| A cerebellar tumor can increase intracranial pressure and force the _ into the foramen magnum, compressing this structure which contains the cardiovascular and respiratory centers and the reticular formation. | Tonsils |
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cherubicsiren
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