ANSC 1000 Exam #4
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| Roughage | grazing hay, silage, crop residues. High in fiber, but low digestibility, only about 50-65%
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| Concentrates | cereal grains: corn, what, oats, barley. oil meals: soybean, cottonseed, whey. Higher in energy and/or protein. Low in fiber, high in digestibility (80-90%), A LOT MORE EXPENSIVE
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| Nutrient | feed components that support life
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| What animals need daily to live | energy for individual cells and tissues to function, structural components to replace "worn out" parts, and the ability to eliminate harmful by-products of life
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| Classes of Nutrients | water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins
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| Water | most important single nutrient! usually refers to drinking water
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| Moisture | the water content of feed
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| Dry Matter | is the feed minus the moisture
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| Importance of water | needed for metabolic reactions. Transport medium, body temperature control, cell shape and integrity
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| Carbohydrates | composed of carbon + hydrogen + oxygen. Primary source of readily avaliable energy
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| Simple Carbohydrates | Starches, like cereal grains and sugars. Easy to digest!
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| Complex Carbohydrates | Cellulose, like in plant cell walls. Harder to digest. rumen microbes digest this and make it part of their body, and cows can then digest the microbes
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| Lipids | Fats. 2.25x more energy that carbohydrates per unit weight. Made of a 3 carbon backbone called glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains attached
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| Saturated Fat | refers to H+ bonding to carbon atoms
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| Unsaturated Fat | indicates missing H+ and double bonds among carbon atoms. More common in plants. Crisco is a plant oil that has been saturated with hyrdrogen to make it a solid
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| Essential Fatty Acids | must be in diet because the animal cannot synthesize them: Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Arachidonic acid
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| Importance of Fats | structural component in cell membrane. Chemical energy stored in C-H bonds and C-C bonds. Precursors for hormones
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| Proteins | carbon + hydrogen + oxygen + nitrogen. On average protein is about 16% nitrogen by weight. 6.25 conversion factor
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| Importance of Protein in diets | tissue growth and repair, transport binding proteins, regulation of hormones and hormone receptors
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| Minerals | inorgainc elements (no carbon bonds to break by burning). It is the ask that's left after burning.
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| Macro minerals | needed in relatively large amounts. Calcium, Phosphorus, Chlorine, Sodium, and Potassium, Magnesium, and Sulfur
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| Calcium | needed for cell function, bone strength, and lactation
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| Phosphorus | 2:1 Calcium to Phosphorus ratio, for growth and lactation
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| Chlorine, Sodium, and Potassium | for osmotic balance
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| Magnesium | for cell physiology
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| Sulfur | for protein structure
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| Micro minerals | Cobalt, Copper, Flourine, Iron, Manganese, Selenium, Zinc. Needed for incorporate into molecules for structure and function, help catalyze reactions.
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| Vitamins | "Vital Amines", first discovered in the Dairy Science department at U Wisconsin.
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| Vitamin A | Fat Soluble Vitamin. Helps the integrity of epithelial linings. Polar bears concentrate this in the liver and it can become toxic
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| Vitamin D | Fat Soluble Vitamin. Bone growth and repair with Calcium. Deficiency in vitamin D is called rickets. Can get through sun exposure!
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| Vitamin E | Fat Soluble Vitamin. Antioxidant, free radical scavenger
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| Vitamin K | Fat soluble vitamin, blood clotting
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| Vitamin C | Water Soluble Vitamin. Deficiency in this is called Scurvy: resulting in spongy gums and loose teeth
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| Vitamin B1 | Water Soluble. Deficiency in this is called Beriberi: polyneuritis, and paralysis
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| Niacin | Water Soluble Vitamin. Deficiency in this is called Pellagra: inflamed membranes
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| Vitamin B12 | Water soluble. Deficiency in this is called Pernicious anemia: small red blood cells
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| Digestibility | that portion of feed consumed that passes through the gut wall into the blood. Almost impossible to measure directly. Measure by difference: Intake - fecal content = amount digested.
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| Formula for Digestibility | In feed- in feces/in feed x 100 = % digested
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| Energy Values of Feeds | energy is stored in C-C bonds of CHO's, fats, and proteins. Oxidation of carbon bonds releases energy
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| Chemical energy | drives other chemical reactions, and provides body heat
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| Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) | older method for determining energy values. Expressed in units of weight, does not reflect the amount of useable chemical energy
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| Net Energy System (NE) | newer method. Measures useable energy, expressed in calories per unit weight
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| Maintenance Energy (NEm) | used fro basal metabolism, thermoregulation, and voluntary activity
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| Production Energy (NEp) | Used for Growth (NEg), Lactation (NEl), Fat Deposition, Reproduction, and Hair/wool growth
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| Back in the day, what happened to sailors on long voyages who didn't take citrus fruit along with them? | Tooth loss, Scurvy
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| As presented in class regarding nutrition, what does TDN stand for? | Total Digestible Nutrients
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| Regarding digestion, what occurs in the mouth? | NONE OF THE ABOVE
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| What is the normal flow of food through a non-ruminant animal? | esophagus --> abomasum --> duodenum --> colon
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| Production of ova is an example of an ovary's: | exocrine function
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| which stage of follicular development represents a mature, dominant follicle ready to ovulate? | Graafian follicle
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| As described in class, where in the female reproductive tract does fertilization occur? | the oviduct and the AIJ
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| Into which segment of the female reproductive tract does urine from the bladder and urethra first enter? | Vagina
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| in regard to cyclicity in females, what structure produces and released GnRH? | Hypothalamus
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| Which of the following species has a 21-day estrous cycle and a 340 day pregnancy? | Horses
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| Name either the 4-carbon or the 3 carbon volatile fatty acid produced in the rumen | Propionic acid and Butyric acid
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| What hormone in the female is produced by the uterus when pregnancy does not occur and directs the demise of the corpus luteum so that a new cycle can start? | PGF(alpha 2)
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| What is the primary hormone product of the testes? | testosterone
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| When a feed is classified as a "by-pass" feed, what does that mean? | It is a feed that is heated or has a special crust on it to help it go straight to the abomasum, without the microorganisms touching it. It allows the animal to get nutrients that it would not get from normal feed.
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| What happens to an animal when a virus disrupts the cells lining the inside of the LARGE intestine to the extent that it can't do what it is primarily responsible for doing? | the large intestine is for water absorbption and compacting the feces. if the water is not absorbed the animal will get diharrea
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| Carnivores | eat meat, mostly monogastrics
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| Herbivores | eat plants, both ruminants and monogastrics
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| Omnivores | eat both plants and meat, mostly monogastric
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| Digestion | breakdown of food molecules to small enough molecules to cross across the membrane of the gut
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| Pepsin | enzyme that breaks down proteins
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| Ruminant stomach | 4 distinct compartments: Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, Abomasum
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| Reticulum | Where feed first arrives from esophagus, honeycomb appearance. Where injested hardware will remain
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| Rumen | the next segment of the cow's stomach. Biological fermentation vat, ideal for microorganisms to grow, warm, moist, and nutrient rich.
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| Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's) | Butyric Acid (C4), Proplonic acid (C3), Acetic Acid (C2)
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| Belching | Eructation
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| Bloat | caused by not belching in ruminants. Can restrict breathing and cause death.
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| Papillae | projections within the rumen with give it a felt-like appearance and increases the surface area
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| Omasum | many folds of tissue, further fine grinding and mixing of chyme
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| Abomasum | true stomach, functions much like the monogastric stomach
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| Small Intestine | further splitting of molecules and absorption happens here. Made of 3 segments: Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
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| Duodenum | cells secrete various compounds. Stimulate gall bladder to release liver bile. Fat is emulsified.
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| Jejunum and Ileum | Absorption and final breakdown of products. Passive absorption through simple and active diffusion.
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| Ileocecal valve | one way valve that doesn't allow bacteria from the colon to back flow into the small intestine
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| Liver | metabolizes useful substances and detoxifies harmful substances
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| Large Intestine | water reabsorption, and some nutrient absorption
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| Rectum | final straight segment of colon, formation of feces and timing of defecation
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| Ovary | both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine --> release of ova, Endocrine --> synthesize and release hormones
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| Primary Follicle | haploid germ cell, 1 layer of flat cells
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| Secondary follicles | 2 layers of cells
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| Tertiary follicle | visible to naked eye, fluid filled antrum
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| Graafian follicle | mature and ready to ovulate, oocyte. Granulosa cells produce FSH and estrogen. Theca cells produce LH and androgrens
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| Corpus hermorrhagicum | red body: the structure that results after ovulation when the follicle collapses. It is blood filled
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| Corpus Lutem | yellow body, progesterone and relaxin are produced by this
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| Corpus Albicans | white body, consists of the cellular remnants when the corpus luteum reduces
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| Ampulla | the 1st half of the oviduct. cilliated cells move ova towards the uterus
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| Isthmus | 2nd half of oviduct, moves sperm up and new zygote down
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| Ampullary-Isthmic Junction | AIJ, middle segment of oviduct. Site of fertilization
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| Uterotubal Junction | where oviduct joint uterus. Barrier to sperm, passage for zygote
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| Cervix | made of fibrous tissue, 1st degree barrier protecting the uterus. Landmark for A.I. Gelatinous plug forms during pregnancy for protection. DIlates during parturition
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| Vagina | organ of copulation, birth canal, and drainage for urethra from bladder. Avoid during AI
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| Vuvla | External Genitalia. Observable signs of estrus: retains blood and water, swollen, moist and red.
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| Clitoris | developmental rudiment of penis. Highly innervated, neuroendocrine response.
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| Estrus (noun) | the desire or willingness to mate
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| Reproduction involves | Brain (hypthalamus), Anterior/posterior pituitary glands, ovaries, and uterus
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| Hypothalamus produces | Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
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| Anterior Pituitary produces | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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| Posterior Pituitary produces | Oxytocin
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| The Follicle Produces | Estrogen
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| Corpus Luteum produces | Progesterone, Relaxin, and Oxytocin
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| The Uterus produces | Prostaglanding F2 alpha
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| The Embryo produces | Interferon (in calves and lambs) and Estrogen (in pigs)
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| Function of Estrogen | induced estrous behavior, prepares uterus for mating, sperm transport, and stimulates surge of GnRH
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| Function of Lutenizing Hormone (LH) | initiates ovulation, and the conversion of follicle into a Corpus Lutem
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| Function of Progesterone | negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit follicle growth. prepares uterus for pregnancy.
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| Function of PGF2α | regresses corpus luteum, progesterone declines, and the estrous cycles begins again
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| If pregnant | embryo sends signal to uterus: maternal recognition of pregancy. This signal blocks PGF2α, the corpus luteum is retained, and progesterone remains high
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| Length of Estrous Cycle in Cows | 21 days
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| Length of Estrous Cycles in Sow | 21 days
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| Length of Estrous Cycles in Ewe | 16 days
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| Length of Estrous Cycle in Mare | 21 days
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| Duration of Estrous in Cows | 18 hours
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| Duration of Estrous in Sow | 3 days
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| Duration of Estrous in Ewe | 30 hours
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| Duration of Estrous in MAre | 6 days
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| Gestation length of Cow | 285 days
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| Gestation length of Sow | 114 days
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| Gestation length of Ewe | 145 days
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| Gestation length of Mare | 340
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| Polyestrus | many cycles
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| Male Gonad | Testicle. Outside of body proper, important for temperature regulation.
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| Exocrine function of Testes | produce male gamets (sperm)
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| Endocrine function of Testes | produce testosterone, give masculine appearance, mating behavior, and steroid binding protein
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| Castration | remove testicles, resulting in the removal of sperm and testosterone
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| Vasectomy | cut tubular excurrent duct system, vas defrens. this blocks sperm but not testosterone
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| Seminiferous Tubules | sperm produced within testes, inside of the seminiferous tubules
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| Sertoli Cells | nurture developing sperm cells.
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| Head of Epididymus | sperm maturation
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| Body of Epididymus | sperm concentration
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| Tail of Epididymus | sperm storage
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| Uterine Milke | early embryo gets nutrients from the secretion of this from glands in the uterus
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| Time of attachment in baby pigs | day 14-21
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| Caruncle | special places of the placenta where the dam and baby exchange nutrients and gases
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| Caruncle + Cotyledon = | Placentome
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| Cotyledon | place of nutrient and gas exchange associated with the baby
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| Embryonic stage | up until major organ formation is complete
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| Fetal Stage | once all major organs are in place, approximately day 45 in cattle.
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| Uterine Prolapse | ligaments that hold the uterus in place give way. uterus turns inside out through the vulva, you can save the animal but it is often infertile afterwards
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| Dystocia | the most common problem is that the calf is too large for the cows pelvic opening. Mal-presentation is also a problem
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| Estrous Synchronization | treat females with hormones to make her come into heat when desired. Lutalyse
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| Parity/-parous | condition of having borne some offspring
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| Nulliparous | never borne viable offspring
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| Virgin | never experienced sexual intercourse
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| Primiparous | given birth once
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| Multiparous | given birth multiple times
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| Open | not pregnant
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| Barren | incapable of producing offspring
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| Gravid | pregnant, containing developing young
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| Static Ovaries | No, or minimal follicular activity. NSS: no significant structures. Ovaries appear pre-puberal. Not receiving or responding to pituitary FSH/LH. Can try progestin synchronizing agents to dam up and then jumpstart the ovaries. Usually animal is culled
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| Ovarian Adhesions | slight bleeding at ovulation, blood can adhere ovary to body wall or uterus.
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| Oocia | sensation of pain at ovulation
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| Follicular Cyst | follicle falls to ovulate, and is trapped. It continues to grow past ovulatory size, granulose continues to produce estrogen. This results in nymphomania. May or may not respond to GnRH treatment. Can try removing problem ovary
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| Uterine atony | lack of hormonal tone or strength
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| Uterine inertia | inactivity and inabiltiy to move spontaneously. sluggishness of uterine contractions during labor
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| endometritis/metritis | bacterial infection of uterus, can disrupt function of endometrial cells where inflamed
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| pyometritis | inflammation and puss of the uterus. usually bad enough to block PGF2α production, and the animal stops cycling.
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| trichomoniasis | abortion is early pregnancy
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| viriosis | abortion in late pregnancy
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| retained placenta | more common with cotyledonary placentation. leave it alone
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| epistiotomy | vulvular tissue can tear during foaling if the foal is too large
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| Caslick procedure | suture vulva closed to repair episiotomy or prevent "wihascuking"
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| Left Displaced Abomasum (LDA) | shortly after calving, abdominal space vacated by calf being born. rumen expands with increased feed intake. torsion disrupts hormonal flow and blood supply
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| Edema | water retention in interstitial tissues of udder, more arterial blood flowing
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