ANSC 1000 Exam 3
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| what hormone stimulates milk "let down"? | oxytocin
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| which of the following is a consequence of "mastitis": destruction of milk producing cells, shelf life of milk reduced, or milk production decrease? | ALL OF THE ABOVE
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| which is of greater value on dairy farms, bull calves or heifer calves? | heifer calves
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| it was mentioned in class several times that alabama has some very elite dairy cows that attract buyers from around the world. What breed are they? | Jersey
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| As explained in class, what trait distinguishes a young lamb carcass from an older mutton carcass? | Skeleton integrity
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| As presented in class, what South American country ranks high in world production of Beef cattle and hides? | Brazil
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| As calculated in the class example, approximatley what percent of a 1000 steer is actually edible? | 46%
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| Which of the following is the highest value wholesale cut from a Beef carcass? | Loin
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| A "kosher" meat might come from where? | The front half of a cow
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| What is an alveolus | a spherical cluster of milk producing cells
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| What term describes the interval between the end of one lactation and giving birth to start another lactation? | Dry-period
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| what term describes the act of waiting two weeks between slaughtering an animal and then processing the resulting carcass? | Aging
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| In addition to burying and burning, what is the third method for disposing of dead animals described in class? | Rendering
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| As described in class, what results from the formula "genotype + environment"? | Phenotype
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| Though it's unfortunate when a pregnant cow is slaughtered by mistake, it results in an additional valuable product being harvested from the process. What is the valuable "by-product" | fetal serum
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| How long does it take to milk an average cow? | 6-10 minutes
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| What is "post-dip"? | a treatment barrier placed on teats after milking to prevent bacteria and infection until teat closes
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| What should be the body conditioning score for a cow in peak production? | 2.0
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| what should be the body conditioning score for a dry cow? | 3.5
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| Colostrum | source of immunity from mother to calf in first milk
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| Inguinal Mammary Glands | Cattle, sheep, goats, and horses have them
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| Pectoral Mammary Glands | Primates and Elephants have these
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| Thorastic/Abdominal Mammary Glands | pigs, dogs, and cats, have these
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| How many teats/glands does a cow have? | 4 teats, 4 glands
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| How many teats/glands does a sheep have? | 2 teats 2 glands
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| How many teats/glands does a mare have? | 2 teats, 4 glands
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| How many teats/glands does a sow have? | 10-14 teats and 10-14 glands
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| In mammary glands, what does progesterone trigger | alveoli development
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| In mammary glands, what does estrogen trigger? | duct and cistern development
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| What age are dairy calves weaned? | 6-8 weeks
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| Terms for red meat from cows | veal or beef
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| veal | less than 3 months of age
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| Beef | at least 1 year of age
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| term for meat from pigs | pork
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| terms for meat from sheep | lamb or mutton
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| lamb | meat from a young sheep, determined by skeletal structure
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| mutton | meat from mature sheep
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| term for goat meat | chevon
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| Country that produces the most meat total | China
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| Country that produces the most pork | China
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| Country that produces the most Beef | US
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| Country that produces the most Mutton/Lamb | China
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| Country that produces the most Goat Meat | China
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| Country that produces the most Buffalo Meat | India
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| Country that produces the most Horse Meat | China
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| Largest meat processing company | Tyson Foods, in Springdale Arkansas
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| High $ Beef Cuts | loin and Rib
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| Lesser $ value Beef Cuts | round, chuck, brisket
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| Low $ Beef cuts | shank, shortplate, flank
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| High $ Pork Cuts | Loin, Ham
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| Lesser $ Pork Cuts | Side, Shoulder
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| Meat consumer trends | less beef, more chicken, less pork, more turkey
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| In grocery stores, meat is about what percentage of sales? | 13% of total store sales, and 17% of all food items sold
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| Meat composition | lean (muscle), fate, bone, connective tissue
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| Muscle Anatomy | Lean --> Muscle Bundle --> Muscle Fiber --> Microfibril --> Sarcomere
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| Sarcomere | unit of contraction in muscle
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| Slaughter process | Stun, Exsanguinate, remove hooves head and hide, split in half, remove spinal chord
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| Edible by products of a steer | only 3%, include liver heart and tongue
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| Inedible by products of a steer | 37% , include hide, blood, fetal serum, ponch, and endocrine glands
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| Hide greater than 30 lb | a skin
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| hide/skin with wool, hair, and fur intact | pelt
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| Blue Hide | a hide that has been treated to prevent dehydration
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| Rendered fats used for | candles and soap
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| Rendered Fatty acids used for | cosmetics, deodorants, lubricants, polished, paints
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| Rendered proteins used for | high protein feed supplements, meat and bone meal, blood meal, and pet food
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| The three legal ways to dispose of a dead animal | render, bury and burn
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| CMT | California Mastitis Test PADDLE
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| WMT | Wisconsin Mastitis Test TEST TUBE
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| What is the term for an increase in the SIZE of cells? | hypertrophy
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| Development of which of the following tissues in the least variable? MUSCLE, FAT, BONE | Bone
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| Which of the following is NOT a general function of adipose tissue? PROTECT INTERNAL ORGANS, STORE ENERGY, SECRETE HORMONE | all of the above are functions
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| As described in class, when does the SLOWEST rate of growth occur in an individual's life? | Birth to Puberty
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| In today's cattle industry, most market animals are slaughtered based on their: | Maturity type
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| As presenting in class, in which species does the castrated male fatten the fastest and therefore would go to slaughter before the female or intact male? | Swine
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| Which of the following is considered a concentrate | Corn
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| Using the nomenclature presented in class, "as fed" minus "moisture" = what? | Dry Matter
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| If chemical analysis indicated a feed additive contains 4% nitrogen, it would best be classified as a: | Protein
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| What makes a micro mineral "micro" | it is needed in relatively small amounts
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| You can tell your parents that it's important to lay out in the sun every day to help synthesize what vitamin? | Vitamin D
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| Which of hormone is NOT associated with milk SYNTHESIS | Oxytocin
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| True or False. The more times per day a dairy cow is milked, the more milk she can be expected to produce per day. | TRUE
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| What does CMT stand for? | California Mastitis Test
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| At what age are dairy calves normally weaned off milk or fluid milk products? | 6 weeks of age
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| What is the length of an industry standard lactation curve in dairy cattle? | 305 Days
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| Australia and New Zealand combined are major world producers of what? | lamb and mutton
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| Which state is not highly ranked for the number of cattle slaughtered per year? | Iowa
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| If you slaughtered a small, lean, 200 pound barrow, how much would you expect the resulting carcass to weight? | 140 pounds
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| Which is the highest value in a swine carcass? | Loin
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| On a chemical basis, meat is composed mostly of what? | water
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| If you let a beef carcass hand in a cooler for more than a few days, the meat will start turning and get harder to chew. TRUE OR FALSE? | FALSE
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| What is heavier, a skin or a hide? | a Hide, because it still has the hair on it
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| Different genetic codes affecting the same trait are: | Alleles
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| Segments of tRNA are | anti-codons
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| Paired chromosomes | Homologues
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| Triplet nucleotide bases on DNA | genes
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| If you crossed a homozygous dominant animal with a homozygous reccesive animal, what ratio of genotypes would you expect among the offspring? | All heterozygous offspring
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| What do we call the gene interaction where the resulting offspring is better than either parent? | Over dominance
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| Heritability can be defined as the phenotypic differences among individuals due to the influences of their genes TRUE OR FALSE? | TRUE
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| As presented in class, for "quantitative traits like milk production and rate of gain, "variation" is: | A good thing
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| What combination should result in the most genetic improvement? | Greater selection differential (+), greater heritability (+), shorter generation interval (-)
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| You select over several generations for lighter birth weight in foals, and as foals get lighter at birth you notice milk production in mares decreases. This is an example of two traits that are: | No homozygous lines
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| What is the danger of practicing intensive inbreeding over several generation | reduced fertility, reduced growth, reduced immune system
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| Breeding Duroc boars to unrelated Duroc sows is an example of | Outcrossing
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| During each breeding cycle of a rotational breeding system, the manager attempts to: | Increase genetic contribution from the most under-represented breed in the gene pool
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| Which producer is usually more concerned with achieving hybrid vigor from mating decisions? a Commercial Producer or a Purebred producer? | A commercial producer
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| What is the genetic make -up of a Beefmaster? | 1/2 Brahman x 1/4 Hereford x 1/4 Shorthorn
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| What happens when you mate a zebra stallion to a horse mare? | Results in a Zorse
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| What does EPD stand for? | Expected Progeny Difference
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| Start with a lipid molecule and removed the glycerol backbone componenet, and what does that leave you? | 3 fatty acids
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| When evaluating "sex linked" traits not exhibited by one gender ( such as milk production) we often compare offspring of the individuals, what term do we call the offspring we compare? | Contemporaries
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| What is the proper term for milk produced by the mother right after giving birth that is full of antibodies for the baby? | colostrum
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| Why are essential fatty acids and essential proteins called "essential" | they are called essential because they are need in to animals diet but are not synthesized by the animal. So they have to be provided
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| As explained in class, what happens when you take vegetable oil and bombard it with hydrogen H+? | Vegetable oil is unsaturated, so when you bombard it with hydrogen you can make it saturated
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| Why is there not a different name for meat from young swine vs old swine | in swine, the bone growth is not an essential component of determining the maturity of them. They are basically the same structurally
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| In a natural breeding situation for horses, cattle and most sheep and goat breeds, why do good managers replace the herd or flock sires every 2 years | to reduce inbreeding
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| What is the special management problem encountered by dairy farmers in Hawaii | the grass has too much water that the cows cannot get the nutrients they need from the food sources.
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| Phenotype | physical trait, appearance and function
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| Genotype | : the genes the animal get from the parents
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| Environment | all factors that can affect gene expression
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| Chromosomes | composed of genes
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| Genes | functional units of inheritance
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| Swine Chromosomes | 19
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| Cattle Chromosomes | 30
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| Horse Chromosomes | 32
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| Human Chromosomes | 23
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| Loci | the location of a gene on a chromosome
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| Alleles | genes on homologous chromosomes that have the ability to affect the same traits
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| MItosis | chromosome replication by cell division
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| Meiosis | reduced number of chromosomes to 1 of each pair for gametes
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| Gametogenesis | the production of male and female gametes
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| Spermatogenesis | production of haploid sperm
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| Oogenesis | production of haploid ova (eggs), where most of the cytoplasm remains with one cell
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| Polar Body | cell with less cytoplasm from oogenesis
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| Fertilization | fusion of haploid sperm with haploid ovum. reestablished diploidy
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| Gene interaction within chromosomes | Linear
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| Gene interactions between homologues | allelic
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| gene interactions with non-homologues | epistatic
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| Heritability | phenotypic differences due to genes involved
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| Differential Reproduction | only those sires and dams most likely to pass on the desired trait are allowed to mate, average of the next generation is better than the average of the last generation. This is the basis for genetic improvement
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| Selection differential | (s) is a positive effect. How much better, stronger selectin = more
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| Heritability (H) | positive effect, how much are genes in control of trait
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| Generation Interval | (G), negative effect. How long until next generation reproduces
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| Predicting Genetic Change | Selecting Differential (SD) x Heredity (H) = Genetic Superiority of Selection
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| Expected Change Per Year | SD x H/ Generation Interval
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| High Level of Heritability | 40% or more, Progress Assured
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| Medium Level of Heritability | 20-29%, Progress Likely
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| Low Level of Heritability | Less than 20%, Progress is unlikely
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| Sex Limited Traits | both sexes carry the gene but only one sex can express it. For example only a female can express traits for milk production
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| Contemporaries | comparing offspring to other offspring
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| The 3 P's of selection | Pedigree, Performance, Progeny
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| Pedigree | the information on sire and dam individual. Often go back 5 generations or more. Suggest potential to perform if genes are inherited
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| Performance | expression of the genes inherited. How the idividual actually performed. You want to minimize the effect of the environment to determine this.
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| Progeny | measurement of genes transmitted to offspring. Takes time to get records from the next generation, and needs to be compared under similar environments.
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| Purebred Mating Systems | focus on maintaing genetically superior traits
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| Commercial Mating Systems | focus on hybrid vigor for growth and carcass traits
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| Inbreeding | mating animals more closely related than the average population in order to increase homozygosity of allels
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| Intensive Inbreeding | mating closely related animals over several generations to form homozygous lines
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| Linebreeding | milder form of inbreeding to specific sire lines. More common in seedstock production
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| Inbreeding "Depression" | silencer genes suppress the expression of "good" genes. Decreases growth, disease resistance, and causes infertility.
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| Outbreeding | mating unrelated animals of the same breed. Gene pairs are primarily heterozygous.
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| Crossbreeding | combining complementary traits, picking and choosing desirable traits from various breeds
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| Genetic Progress | 2 major ways: selection within breed, and crossing breeding
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| Extreme Outbreeding | crossing different species within a genus. Allows the widest genetic diversity possible. Like crossing Bos Taurus with Bos Indicus.
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| Growth | increase in body weight until maturity. Increased mass of structural tissue and organs
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| Hyperplasia | increase in the number of cells through mitosis
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| Hypertrophy | increase in the overall size of cells
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| Development | coordinated events resulting in growth and differentiation until maturity.
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| Skeletal Muscle | bulk of growth is muscle. Controlled by genetic, nutrition, exercise, and the environment. It is important in structural support, posture, and voluntary movement.
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| Adipose Tissue (fat) | most variable component of the carcass. Functions for energy storage, thermoregulation, protection of vital organs, Endocrine.
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| Sub-cutaneous Fat | around the edge of a steak
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| Intermuscular Fat | the fat between muscle bundles
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| Intramuscular fat | marbling, fat within the muscle
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| Visceral Fat | internal padding. Includes KPH fat (kidney, pancreas, heart)
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| Bone Growth | bone is an active living tissue. which is formed and reformed throughout life
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| Osteoblasts | help produce new bone structures, serves calcium deposition and storage
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| Osteoclasts | tear away old bone structures, serve in calcium reabsorbtion and mobilization
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| Functions of bone | to maintain sound physical structure, protect internal organs, allows for mobility, storage of calcium and other minerals, bone marrow.
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| Fibroblasts | helps produce connective tissue
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| Chondroblasts | helps produce cartilage
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| Long Bone Growth | at maturity, long bone growth stops. By castrating a horse you can add height
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| Pre-Natal Growth | primarily cell division and protein synthesis. 1st and 2nd trimester --> hyperplasia and 3rd trimester --> increase in cell size
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| Post-Natal Growth | body weight increases but at a decreasing weight. Growth levels off after puberty.
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| Lean Growth | fastest growth, you want to maximize this
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| Fat Growth | late deposition, want to optimize, not desired in excess
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| Effect of Gender on Beef | heifers deposit fat at an earlier age, they are slaughtered 100 to 200 lbs lighter than steers. Bulls stay trimmer due to testosterone. Steers are intermediate.
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| Effect of Gender on Swine | Barrows fatten earlier than gilts or boars, and they are sent to market at an earlier age
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| Thin Muscling | 3.1 ratio of muscle to fat
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| Heavy Muscling | 5.1 ratio of muscle to fat
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| Growth Implants | commercial products that contain anabolic steroids to enhance muscling. Usually complement the animal's own hormones.
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| Roughage (forage) | grazing, hay, silage, low fiber. has a low digestibility only 50-65%.
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| Concentrates | Corn, wheat, oats, barley, soybean, cottonseed, whey. Have high energy and or protein, low in fiber. High digestibility 80-90%, but A LOT MORE EXPENSIVE
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| Nutrients | food components that support life
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| Classes of Nutrients | water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins
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