final patho
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| Intracellular | inside cell
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| Extracellular | outside of cell but in compartments
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| Interstitial | in between cell and compartments
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| Hydrostatic pressure | Force of fluid pressure in blood
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| Hydrostatic pressure does what with water? | Pushes
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| Osmotic pressure | Pressure by solutes in solution
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| Osmotic pressure does what with water? | Pulls
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| Oncotic pressure | Colloid pressure; due to albumin in blood
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| Osmolality | concentration of active particle solutes
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| Osmolarity | number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution
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| Hyperosmotic | If osmolality is greater than reference solution
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| Hypo-osmotic | If osmolality is less than reference solution
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| isosmotic | osmolality identical to reference solution
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| Tonicity | number of solutes in a solution compared to blood stream
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| Isotonic | same tonicity as blood; does not cause fluid shifts or changes in cell size
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| Hypotonic | fewer particles in blood' does not cause fluid shift or changes in cell size
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| Hypertonic | more particles than blood
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| osmoreceptors | located in hypothalamus and stimulated by increased plasma concentration; initiates thirst mechanism and ADH release
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| ADH (vasopressins) | synthesized by hypothalamus and released form posterior pituitary; stimulated kidney nephron to reabsorb more water
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| Natriuresis | excretion of large amounts of sodium and water
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| Edema | excess fluid in compartments (swelling)
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| Primary causes of edema | elevated hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic forces in blood, liver failure, protein malnutrition
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| Hypovolemia | dehydration
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| Hypervolemia | over hydrated
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| Sodium range | 135-145
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| Hyponatremia | Low sodium
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| Hyponatremia s/s | Headache, confusion, coma
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| Hyponatremia causes | excess water intake and diuretics
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| Hypernatremia | high sodium
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| Hypernatremia s/s | lethargy, irritable, seizures, weakness
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| Hypernatremia causes | excessive salt intake
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| Chloride range | 97-107
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| Hypochloremia | low chloride
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| Hypochloremia s/s | hypotension, shallow breathing
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| Hypochloremia causes | respiratory acidosis, metabolic alkalosis
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| Hyperchloremia | high chloride
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| Hyperchloremia s/s | rapid breathing, tachypnea, hypertension
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| Hyperchloremia causes | metabolic acidosis, kidney failure
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| Potassium range | 3.5-5.1
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| Hypokalemia | low potassium
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| Hypokalemia s/s | thready pulse, lethargy
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| Hypokalemia causes | diuretics, iv insulin
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| Hyperkalemia | high potassium
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| Hyperkalemia s/s | cardiac arrythmia, cramping, diarrhea
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| Hyperkalemia causes | kidney disfunction, excess potassium intake and ACE inhibitors
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| Magnesium range | 1.5-2.4
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| Hypomagnesemia | low magnesium
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| Hypomagnesemia s/s | nausea, vomiting, leg cramps
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| Hypomagnesemia causes | under nutrition, long term alcohol use
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| Hypermagnesemia | high magnesium
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| Hypermagnesemia s/s | bradycardia, asystole
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| Hypermagnesemia causes | kidney disease, excess magnesium intake
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| Calcium range | 8.7-10
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| Hypocalcemia | low calcium
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| Hypocalcemia s/s | numbness, tingling
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| Hypocalcemia causes | use of diuretics, removal of parathyroid gland
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| Hypercalcemia | high calcium
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| Hypercalcemia s/s | vomiting, constipation, thirst
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| Hypercalcemia causes | overactive parathyroid gland, cancer
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| Phosphorus range | 2.5-4.5
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| Hypophosphatemia | low phosphate
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| Hypophosphatemia s/s | respiratory insufficiency, bone pain
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| Hypophosphatemia causes | Cushing's syndrome, starvation, hyperparathyroidism
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| Hyperphosphatemia | high phosphate
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| Hyperphosphatemia s/s | hyperreflexia, delirium, seizures, hypotension
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| Hyperphosphatemia causes | kidney failure, metabolic/respiratory acidosis
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| potassium= | heart
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| Sodium= | brain (seizures)
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| Serum potassium is always higher where? | inside cell
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| Serum sodium is always higher where? | outside cell
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| NEVER IV PUSH WHAT = DEATH | POTASSIUM
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| EKG T-wave tall | high K+
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| EKG T-wave short | low K+
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| Best way to heat core of body quickly | Heated oxygen
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| When calcium rises what happens to phosphorus | goes down
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| Positive Chvostek and Trousseau | Hypocalcemia (low calcium)
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| When magnesium is high reflexes are? | low
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| When magnesium is low what are you at risk for? | heart arrythmias
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| Tachycardia | above 100 bpm
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| Bradycardia | below 60 bpm
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