exam I
Help!
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| What embryologic portion becomes the cerebrum and rhinencephalon? | telencephalon
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| What does the telencephalon represent in the mature animal? | Cerebrum + rhinencehpalon
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| What does the diencephalon represent in the mature animal? | thalamus + hypothalamus
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| What is the embryologic precursor to the thalamus? | diencephalon
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| What is the embyologic precursor to the midbrain region? | mesencephalon
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| This gyrus lies rostral to the cruciate sulcus and is the most rostral gyri, found in the frontal lobe | precrucitate gyri
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| This structure lies caudal to the cruciate sulcus in the frontal lobe | postcruciate groove
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| this is found rostral to the postcruciate gyrus and caudal to the precruciate gryus | cruciate sulcus
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| occipital groove
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| This structure is located dorsal to the ectosylvian gryus in the parietal lobe, frontal lobe and occipital lobe. | suprasylavian groove
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| This is located immediately dorsal to the sylvian gyrus and ventral to the to the suprasylvian gyrus of the temporal lobe | ectosylavian groove
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| what is located immediately dorsal to the pseudosylvian fissure in the temporal lobe (ventral to ectosylvian gyrus) | sylvian groove
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| What structure is in the temporal lobe and ventral to the sylvian gyrus | Pseudosylavian fissure
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| What two gyri are included in the temporal lobe of the cerebellum? | sylvain and ectosylvian gyri
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| which lobe of the cerebellum is located caudal to the frontal lobe? | Parietal lobe
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| Which cerebral lobe is located on the underside of the cerebellum and pear shaped? | piriform lobe
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| What cerebral divisions are included in the frontal lobe? | cruciate sulcus, postcruciate gyri, rostral portion of supracurciate gyri
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| wWhat is the physical location of the olfacory area? | piriform lobe
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| What is the physical location that is strictly somesthetic? | ectosylvian gyri of temporal lobe
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| What area is both somesthetic and motor areas? | postcruciate gyri of the frontal lobe and the rostral suprasylvian gyri of the frontal lobe
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| What physical location makes up the visual area? | Occipital gyri of the occipital lobe
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| Where is the auditory area found? | Ectosylvian gryi of the temporal lobe
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| What is the origin of Cranial nerve I? | Olfactory nerve originates in olfactory cells of the olfactory epithelium
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| Destination of CNI? | olfactory bulb
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| Function of CNI? | Olfaction
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| This is the grey matter of the telencephalon that covers the surface of the cerebrum | cerebral cortex
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| The white matter of the telencephalon crossing the midsection | corpus callosum
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| The white matter of the telencephalon that extends ventrally - mixture of cerebral efferent and afferent fibers | internal capsule
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| This portion of the diencephalon is made up of gray matter and is pine-cone shaped | pineal gland = epithalamus
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| What is the function of the pineal gland/epithalamus? | endocrine gland - releases melatonin
- regulates gonadal function & sleep/waking rhythms
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| The nuclei of the thalamus are responsible for what? | Sensory & motor signals combining before projecting to the cerbral cortex
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| damage to this structure would stop input to the cerebral cortex | internal capsule
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| The nuclei of the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from where? | hypophysis
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| Hypothalamus is key for what behaviors? | emotion, sleeping, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior
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| The hypothalamus plays a role in homeostasis maintenance in what two ways? | ANS control and control of circulating hormones
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| This nuclei mediates somesthetic sensory an motor information to their cotrices | thalamic nuclei
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| This nucleus is responsible for visual signals to the visual cortex | Lateral geniculate nucleus
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| What nucleus sends auditory signals to the auditory cortex | medial geniculate nucleus
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| CNII is responsible for what function? | Optic nerve = vision
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| CNII originates from where? | Retinal ganglion cells
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| What is the destination of CN II | lateral geniculate nucleus
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| What are the 3 areas visual information terminantes? | Lateral geniculate nucleus - conscious perception of vision
Rostral colluciulus - puppilary dilation
Protector nucleus - pupillary constriction (PLR)
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| What structure is the reflex center for the visual system? | rostral colliculus
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| What structure is the reflex for sound and movement? | caudal colliculus
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| this structure is the crossing point of motor fibers from left to right side of the brain for 75-80% of fibers | pyramidal decussation
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| Of the cranial nerves how many of them are from the brain stem? | 10 of the 12 cranial nerves
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| What cranial nerves are sensory? | I, II, VIII
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| What cranial nerves are motor? | III, IV, VI, XI, XII
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| What cranial nerves are mixed? | V, VII, IX, X
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| Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain? | III, IV
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| Which cranial nerves originate from the pons? | V
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| which nuclei receives the auditory information? | cochlear nuclei
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| which nuclei receives information for balance | vestibular nuclei
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| What midbrain structures is made of descending motor tracts of the cerebral cortex that terminate in the brain stem or spinal cord? | crus cerebri
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| What ocular muscle functions to lift the eyelid open to the palpebral fissure and what nerve innervates this muscle? | levator palpebrae m., CN III(oculomotr)
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| what muscle rotates the eye upwards and what nerve innervates it? | dorsal rectus m, CN III(oculomotor)
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| ventral rectus m. CN III(oculomotor)
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| What muscle rotates the eye counterclockwise and clockwise? What nerve innervates it? | ventral oblique m. CN III (Oculomotor)
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| What causes a lateral strabismus? | Injury to CN III (oculomotor
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| what nerve causes pupil dilation? | Injury to CN III (oculomotor)
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| What causes ptosis (dropped eyelid)? | injury to CN III (oculomotor)
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| What nerve is responsible for third eyelid reflex? (response to cornea touch) |
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| What is the only structure connecting cerebellum to brain stem? | cerebellar peduncles
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| what structure needs to be cut to remove the cerebellum? | cerebellar peduncles
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| this brain structure is located caudal to the throchlear nerve and caudal colliculus | pons
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| What is responsible for the primary innervation of the orbital area? | CN V (opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve)
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| Of CN V which branches are sensory and which are mixed? | Opthalmic and maxillary are sensory, mandibular is mixed
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| A lesion of what nerve would lead to a dropped jaw? | mandibular branch of trigeminal (CN V)
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| An animal is not responding to a pen touch inside the nostril, what nerve is effected? | maxillary branch of trigeminal (CN V)
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| What spinal tract mediates the facial sensations (pain and temperature)? | Spinal tract V
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| What does the spinal tract V do? | mediate facial sensations (pain, temperature)
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| A dog is able to lap water? What nerve does this tell us about? | Hypoglossal nerve is okay
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| What response is tested by spontaneous blinking? | Menace response
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| What nerves are involved with the menace response? | CN III, VII
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| What nerves are involved with spontaneous linking? | CN III, VII
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| An animal that is not responding to a stimulus applied to the cheek, nostril or mandibular area shows an injury to what cranial nerve? | Trigeminal
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| What nerves are involved with the palpebral reflex? | trigeminal and facial
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| What is the sensory portion of the palpebral reflex? | trigeminal
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| What is the motor portion of the palpebral reflex? | facial
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| An animal has lack of sensation in orbital, maxillary or mandibular area - what nerve is affected? | trigeminal
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| Mild mastication problems - loss of mastication all together is seen in injuries of what CN? | Trigeminal - branch
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| What cranial nerve mediates aurditory and vestibular signals? | CN VIII = vestibulochochlear
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| Where is the cochlear nerve originate from? | cochlear nuclei
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| What does the cochlear nuclei innervate? | organ of corti in the inner ear
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| this nuclei is responsible for balance and ocular response to head movement | vestibular nuclei
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| What gives rise to the vestibular nerve? | vestibular nuclei
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| what innervates the vestibular receptors of the inner ear? | vestibular nuclei
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| What does the vestibular nuclei innervate? | vestibular receptors of inner ear
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| What lobe of the cerebellum is associated with the vestibular nuchlei? | flocculonodular
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| What mediates the signals for touch, vibration, preconception for the cervical and upper thoracic limb & thoracic areas | fasciculus cuneatus
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| Where is spinal tract V located? | lateral to the fasciculus cuneatus
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| What is found lateral to the fasciculus cuneatus? | spinal tract V
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| What mediates the signals for pain & temperature of the face? | spinal tract V
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| Which part of the brain gives rise to the CN VIII, 2 nuclei, the fasciculus cuneatus and a spinal tract dorsally? | Medulla oblongota
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| The trapezoid body is found in what part of the brain? | medulla
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| what type of fibers is the trapezoid body made of? | sensory fibers
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| what medullary structure carries auditory signals from the cochlear nuclei to the other auditory system nuclei? | trapezoid body
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| the trapezoid body carries what type of signals? | auditory
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| The pyramid is a part of what part of the brain? | pyramid
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| what type of fibers does the pyramid contain? | motor fibers
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| Where do the fibers in the pyramid run? | cerebral cortex to brain stem/spinal cord motor nuclei
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| What medullary structure is made of motor fibers, originating from the cerebral cortex and terminating in the motor nucleus in the brain stem or spinal cord? | pyramid
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| What nerves originate from the medullary area of the brain? | CN VI through XII
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| In this area 75% of pyramidal fibers cross to descend in the contralateral side of the spinal cord | pyramidal decussation
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| What is the pyramidal decussation? | area of medulla where 75% of pyraidal fibers cross to descend in the contralateral side of the spinal cord
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| Blinking, closing the eyelid, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, nasal glands, and the rostral 2/3 taste buds are under influence of what? | facial nerve CN VII
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| What is the function of the facial nerve? | facial expression, facial mm.
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| What does the motor nuclei VII do? | innervates facial mm. orbicularis oculi mm.
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| What does the parasympathetic nuclei VII control? | Lacrimal gland
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| facial parlaysis would indicate an injury to what? | Facial Nerve, motor nuclei VII
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| What injury would you suspect if the animal is not blinking or responding to the palpebral reflex? | orbicularis oculi mm. - facial nerve, motor nuclei VII
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| An animal that has keratitis most likely has injured what? | lacrimal gland - parasympathetic nucleus VII of facial nerve
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| What nerves are involved in the third eyelid reflex? | CN VI, V
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| What nerves are involved in the palpebral reflex? | CN V, VII
facial, vestibulocochlear
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| this nerve mediates the vestibular signals from the vestibular organ of the inner ear to the vestibular nuclei in the medulla oblongata | Vestibular nerve of Vestibulocochlear nerve (VII)
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| What nerve mediates the auditory signals from the organ of Corti in the inner ear to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata | Cochlear nerve of Vestibulocochlear (VII)
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| Where is the cochlear nuclei found? | the caudal end of the cerebellar peduncles
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| Clinical sign associated with the CN VIII or cochlear nuclei would display how? | hearing loss on the side of the lesion, loss of balance
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| An animal with a tilted head, circling toward the same side may have what injury? | Vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII
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| What is the peripheral sensory receptor of CN VIII? | vestibular organ
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| What type of nerve is CN VIII | sensory
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| What ganglion is related to the CN VIII | vestibular ganglion
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| What nuclei gives rise to the vestibular nuclei, flocculus and nodulus of cerebellum, motor nucleus III - VI, spinal motor nuclei | central nuclei
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| what clinical sign is the combination of involuntary slow and rapid eye movements? | nystagmus
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| nystagmus occurring when the head is still is seen with what injury? | CN VIII (vestibulochochlear) or vestibular nuclei
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| What cranial nerves are associated with swallowing? | IX and X
glossopharyngeal and vagus
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| The pharynx, baroreceptors of carotid sinus, chemoreceptors of carotid body and the caudal 1/3 of the tongue taste buds are controled by what nucleus of what nerve? | Nucleus of the solitary tract - glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
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| What are the three nuclei associated with CN IX? | glossopharyngeal
nucleus of solitary tract = sensory
parasympathetic nucleus IX = visceral motor
nucleus ambiguus = motor
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| The parotid and zygomatic salviary glands are innervated by what? | glossopharygeal (IX)parasympathtetic nuc. IX
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| THe pharyngeal mm. are innervated by what? | glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - nucleus ambiguus
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| What are the three nuclei associated with CN X? | Nucleus of solitary tract - sensory
Parasympathetic nucleus X - visceral motor
Nucleus ambiggus - motor
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| The thoracic and abdominal visceral are innervated by what? | nucleus of solitary tract - vagus nerve
and parasympatethetic nucleus X
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| The baroreceptors of the aortic arch are innervated by what? | nucleus of the solitary tract - vagus nerve
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| The pharynx, larynx, and palate are innervated how? | Nucleus of the solitart tract - vagus
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| The laryngeal and pharyngeal mm and palate receive motor innervation from what | nucleus ambiggus - vagus nerve
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| T/FThe sequence of vomiting is influenced by the sensory stimulus triggering the reflex? | False - always identical sequence
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| What are the 7 steps to vomiting reflex? | 1 - Salivation
2 - Inspire deeply
3 - Elevate soft palate
4 - elevate hyoid bone
5 - Reverse peristalsis
6 - muscular contraction/relaxation
7 - open mouth
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| What contracts and what relaxes in the 6th step of the vomiting reflex? | Contraction = diaphragm, abdominal wall
Relax = esophageal sphincter
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| The vomiting center is located in what area of the brain? | medulla oblongata
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| The vomiting center distributes efferents to what 4 areas | motor nucleus XII = tongue
parasympathetic nucleus X = stomach/esophagus
Nucleus ambiguus = pharygeal mm.
Spinal motor nuclei & Intermediolateral nucleus
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| What part of the spinal nuclei is motor? sensory? | venrtal horn = motor, dorsal = sensory
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| What does the intermediolateral nucleus do? | innervates smooth m., cardiac m., and glandular tissue via sympathetic
- diaphragm and abdominal m. coordination
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| What efferent area is responsible for the dog opening its mouth in the vomit reflex (step 7) | motor nucelus XII
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| Steps 3-5 of the vomiting reflex receive innervation from where? | nucleus ambigus
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| step 6 in the vomiting reflex involves contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal mm. - this is innervated by what? | intermediolateral nucleus of spinal cord
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| A lesion of the nucleus ambiguus would cause issues with what two reflexes? | vomiting, swallowing
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| The afferent nerves to the vomiting center consist of what 4 stimuli? | 1 - Higher cortical centers = fear, smell, sight, trauma
2 - vestibular receptor = motion sickness
3 - stomach/SI = irritation, distension
4 - chemoreceptor trigger zone
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| The accessory nerve (XI) has a two root origins what are they? | cranial root - medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguus), spinal root motor nuc. of C1-C6
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| What nerve innervates the laryngeal, pharyngeal mm. and the neck and shoulder mm.? | Accessory nerve (XI)
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| The internal branch of the accessory nerve joins what other nerve? | vagus
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| Where does the hypoglossal nerve originate from? | multiple fibers off of the medullary area
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| What nerve innervates both intrinsic and extrinsic mm. of the tongue? | hypoglossal (XII)
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| What is the function of the styloglossus and hypoglossus? what innervates them? | retract into oral cavity, hypoglossal nerve (XII)
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| What muscle sticks the tongue out of the mouth? What nevre innervates it? | genioglossus - hypoglossal nerve
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| A lesion of the hypoglossal nerve affects the dog's resting/panting tongue how? | Early - deviates toward normal side,
Chronic - toward lesion side
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| A lesion of CN XII affects a dog's tongue when licking how? | toward the lesioned side always
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| the combination ofthe arachnoid membrane and the pia matter is known as what? | leptomeninges
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| the meninges seperating the rostral cerebellum and caudal cerebrum has what name? | tentorium cerebelli
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| A specific part of the meninges seperating R & L hemispheres of the cerebellum is what? | Falx cerebri
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| What allows the cerebellum to be spared initially in brain swelling? | tentorium cerebelli
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| What is the outlet caudal to the peduncel? | Lateral recess
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| What is the area where CSF leaves 4th ventricles to subarachnoid space of the menengies of both sides? | Lateral recess
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| What is the location of the ventricular system |
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| What are the components of the ventricular system | Lateral ventricle, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal
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| The lateral ventricle is associated with what other structure? | caudate nucleus
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| The 3rd ventricle is associated with what other structures? | thalamus, hypothalamus
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| Cerebral aqueduct is associated with what other structure? | midbrain
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| 4th ventricle is associated with what? | pons, medulla oblongata
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| Central canal is associated with what other structures? | caudal medulla oblongata, spinal cord
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| What is the function of the choroid plexus? | produce CSF
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| What is the function of the CSF? (3) | - cushion brain, spinal cord,= protect
- maintain stable EC enviornment
- remove metabolites from CNS
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| Where is the choroid plexus found (3) | - lateral ventricle
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle
NOT Cerebral aqueduct
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| What covers the 4th ventricle? | medullar velum
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| what cell lines the ventricles? | ependymal cells
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| What type of junctions are utilized between ependymal cells? | tight junctions
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| What is the pattern of circulation of CSF? | lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, lateral recess, central canal, (spinal cord) subarachnoid space, dorsal sagittal sinus
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| What is the motor funciton of the spinal cord? | relay motor signals from cerebral cortex & brain stem to spinal motor neurons
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| What is the sensory function of the spinal cord? | relay sensory signals from somatic & visceral sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and/or other segments of the spinal cord
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| What is responsible for mediating the spinal reflexes? | spinal cord
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| What is the location of the ascending spinal tract? |
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| Where is the descending spinal tract located? |
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| What is the lateral cervical nucleus responsible for? | touch and pain in C1-C2
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| What is the nucleus thoracicus responsible for? | preconception of the trunk and pelvic limbs (T1-L4)
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| the intermediolateral nucleus is what type of nucleus? | sympathetic
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| What is the intermediolateral nucleus responsible for? | cranial, thoracic and abdominal viscera (T1-L3)
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| What is the sacral parasympathetic nucleus responsible for? | pelvic viscera (S2-S3)
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| What function does the descending tract serve? | regulate control skeletal mm.
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| What function does the ascending tract have? | sensory recptor
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| What does the dorsal plexus supply? | dorsal horn and dorsal faniculi
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| What forms the dorsal plexus? | dorsal spinal artery
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| where is the ventral branch of a spinal artery found? | ventral fissure
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| what supplies the medial portion of the ventral fanicculus | central branch
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| What forms the ventral and lateral plexus? | dorsal and ventral spinal a.
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| What forms the central branch | ventral branch of spinal artery
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| What connect the sympathetic ganglion (dorsal root ganglion) to the sympathetic trunk | communicating branch = ramus communicans
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| How many spinal segments in total? | 36
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| How many cervical segements of the spinal column? how many cervical vertebrae? | 8 segments, 7 verterbare
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| How does the CNS tell the difference between touch and pain? | receptor specific sensory modality and specific pathways
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| Free nerve endings receive what signals? | pain, temperature
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| What receptors sense pain? | nociceptor
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| What receptors sense temperature | thermoreceptor
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| What makes up a Merkel's corpuscle? | Merkel cell + sensory terminal end
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| What senses touch and pressure | Merkel's corpuscle
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| what type of receptor senses pressure | mechanoreceptor
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| where are merkel's corpuscles located? | deep in dermis, in joint capsules and some visceral organs
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| What does the pacinian cropuscle sense? what are these receptors called? | sense vibration - mechanoreceptors
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| What do hair follicles sense? | touch
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| What classification are hair follicle terminals? | mechanoreceptors
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| What does the muscle spindle sense? What classification is this? | proprioception (proprioceptor)
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| What does the golgi-tendon organ sense? | proprioception
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| What two things modulate intensity? | number of receptors, frequency of action potential
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| Where does the signal go after it goes to the spinal cord? | - dorsal horn
- ventral horn
- spinal cord segments
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| What neurons come from the dorsal horn and send axons to other segments of the spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, or cerebellum? | projection neurons
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| These neurons are short circuit, local bridges, mediating one neuron to another | Interneurons
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| What type makes up the majority of neurons? | interneurons = 80%
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| What are the two divisions of interneurons? | excitatory, inhibitatory
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| These neurons are in the intermediate substance | Autonomic motor neurons
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| What are the divisions of the motor neurons of the ventral horn? | alpha, gamma
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| What neurons innervate extrafusal fibers? | alpha motor neurons in ventral horn
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| what neurons are also known as LMN | lower motor neuron = alpha motor neurons
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| What does the gamma motor neuron innervate | muscle spindle
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| What neurons mediate the incoming sensory signals to other neurons in the vicinity within the same segment of spinal cord? | interneurons
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| What is the area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal root? | dermatome
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| where is the dermatome mapped? | sensory corte
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| A lesion across the entire spinal cord in the region of L2-L3 would have what issues? | pelvic limb paralysis
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| What area do signals have to pass through both coming and going to the cortex | internal capsule
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| What innervates the extrafusal skeletal muscles? | alpha motor neruons = LMN
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| What innervates the intrafusal muscle spindle | gamma motor neruons
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| What type of neuron directly innervates skeletal muscle? | lower motor neuron
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| What is the innervation to skeletal muscle? | upper motor neuron, not direct, influence LMN via descending motor tracts
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| What is the process of a synpase? | - axon potential actiates Ca++ channel when it lowers
- synpatic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane
- neurotransmitter leave site
- bind to specific receptor
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| How does the spinal cord convey signals to the skeletal muscle? | stimulation of motor neurons in the ventral horn
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| How does the spinal cord convey signals to the muscle spindle? | Stimulation of gamma motor neurons in the ventral horn
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| How does the motor system determine the contractile force of muscles needed for any given task? | Motor units utilized effectively to generate appropriate contractile forces
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| what is a motor unit? | motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates
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| What toxin prevents the release of neurotransmitters from inhibitory interneruons? | Tetnus
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| What cells are predominant on LMN to extensor muscles? | renshaw cells
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| What is the function of the Renshaw cell? | self-regulate or inhibit the LMN?
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| What inhibits/self-regulates the LMN? | Renshaw cells
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| An animal that is very stiff with quivering muscles and fully extended extensor muscles most likely has what? | tetnus
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| How long will the tetnus toxin stay bound? | 3 weeks
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| What is an example that BLOCKS the release of Ach from the presynaptic site? | Tick paralysis
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| An animal with no control of their muscles could have what? | Tick paralysis - no transmission from pre-synpatic to post-synaptic
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| An animal with actual decreased numbers of Ach receptors on the post synaptic site may have what disease? | Myasthenia gravis
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| A receptor deficeit = skeletal muscles are not properly functioning in what disease? | Myasthenia gravis
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| What is the normal sequence of a muscle contraction? | Ach binds to receptor
- detaches
- enzyme breaks up
- will continue as long as muscle contraction is needed
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| What is the treatment of myasthenia gravis? | anti-achetocholine -esterase
- enzyme does not break up Ach
- keep Ach around receptors as long as possible
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| What is a relatively simple, stereotyped motor response to sensory input? | reflex
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| What reflex maintains posture and muscle tone and protects the body by quickly responding to danger or sudden changes in the surroundings? | spinal reflex?
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| What does the spinal reflex do? | Maintains posture and muscle tone, protects body by responding quickly
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| How does the spinal cord mediate the local reflex? | Circuitry relay of sensory signals to motor neurons
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| What reflex is induced by stretching the skeletal muscle? | myotatic reflex
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| What nerve is involved in the quadriceps reflex? | femoral
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| What is the origin of the quadriceps reflex? | L4-6
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| What nerve is being tested in the triceps reflex? | Radial n.
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| What is the origin of the nerve of the trcipes reflex? | C6-8, T1-2
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| What reflex is the triceps brachii associated with? | triceps brachii
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| The monosynaptic reflex requires how many neurons? | 2 - one sensory, one motor
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| Polysynaptic reflex requires how many neurons? | 3 - sensory, interneuron, motor
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| What type of spinal reflex is composed of a minimum of 3 neurons? | reflex arc
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| What type of reflex is the flexor/withdrawl reflex? | polysynpatic
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| What reflex is being tested by pinching a dogs toe? | withdrawl/flexor
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| What nerve is tested in the perineal reflex? | pudendal nerve
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| Where does the pudendal nerve originate? | S1-3
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| What muscle is associated with the perineal reflex? | anal sphincter
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| What is the path of the descending tract? | cerebral cortex to skeletal muscle
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| What is the path of the ascending tract? | Sensory receptor to thalamus
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| An animal with a lesion in the Left C1-C5 area would display how pertaining to the myotactic reflex? | present in all four limbs, possibly hyperreflexic in left limbs
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| A lesion in of the left side in C6-T1/T2 would present how pertaining to the myotactic reflex? | absent in L thoracic,
hyperreflexic in L pelvic
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| A lesion of the left side between T2-L3 would present how concerning the myotactic reflex? | Present in all four limbs, possibly hyperreflexic in the left pelvic limb
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| A lesion of the left side between the L4-S1 would present how by myotactic reflex? | Present in both throacic limbs and R pelvic limb, absent in L pelvic
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| This portion of the dorsal horn is only found in the area of C1-C2 and is a projection off of the dorsal horn | lateral cervical nucleus
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| This nucleus is found througout the dorsal horn | dorsal horn nuclei
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| THis segment is in the thoracic + upper lumbar portions of the spinal chord and is found at the base of the dorsal horn? | Nucleus throacicus
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| What tract is responsible for only pain and touch? | speinocervicothalamic tract
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| What spinal tract mediates pain, touch, and temperature | spinothalamic tract
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| This tract runs from the lateral cervical nucleus to free nerve endings/terminal hair follicles? | Spinocervicothalamic tract
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|
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| The spinocervicalthalmic tract is contralateral or ipsilateral? | ipsilateral
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| This tract is one long wire from the thalamus clear to free nerve endings or hair follicle terminals | spinothalmic tract
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| THe spinothalamic tract is contralateral or ipsilateral? | contralateral
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|
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| A lesion of the spinal chord on the left side between C1-C5 would have what effect? | none - all limbs still sense pain
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|
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| A lesion of the spinal chord on the left side between C6-T1 would have what effect? | L thoracic deficient in pain/temp/touch
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|
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| A lesion of the spinal chord on the left side between T3-L3 would have what effect? | none - all limbs sense pain
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|
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