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neuroanatomy
exam I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What embryologic portion becomes the cerebrum and rhinencephalon? | telencephalon |
| What does the telencephalon represent in the mature animal? | Cerebrum + rhinencehpalon |
| What does the diencephalon represent in the mature animal? | thalamus + hypothalamus |
| What is the embryologic precursor to the thalamus? | diencephalon |
| What is the embyologic precursor to the midbrain region? | mesencephalon |
| This gyrus lies rostral to the cruciate sulcus and is the most rostral gyri, found in the frontal lobe | precrucitate gyri |
| This structure lies caudal to the cruciate sulcus in the frontal lobe | postcruciate groove |
| this is found rostral to the postcruciate gyrus and caudal to the precruciate gryus | cruciate sulcus |
| occipital groove | |
| This structure is located dorsal to the ectosylvian gryus in the parietal lobe, frontal lobe and occipital lobe. | suprasylavian groove |
| This is located immediately dorsal to the sylvian gyrus and ventral to the to the suprasylvian gyrus of the temporal lobe | ectosylavian groove |
| what is located immediately dorsal to the pseudosylvian fissure in the temporal lobe (ventral to ectosylvian gyrus) | sylvian groove |
| What structure is in the temporal lobe and ventral to the sylvian gyrus | Pseudosylavian fissure |
| What two gyri are included in the temporal lobe of the cerebellum? | sylvain and ectosylvian gyri |
| which lobe of the cerebellum is located caudal to the frontal lobe? | Parietal lobe |
| Which cerebral lobe is located on the underside of the cerebellum and pear shaped? | piriform lobe |
| What cerebral divisions are included in the frontal lobe? | cruciate sulcus, postcruciate gyri, rostral portion of supracurciate gyri |
| wWhat is the physical location of the olfacory area? | piriform lobe |
| What is the physical location that is strictly somesthetic? | ectosylvian gyri of temporal lobe |
| What area is both somesthetic and motor areas? | postcruciate gyri of the frontal lobe and the rostral suprasylvian gyri of the frontal lobe |
| What physical location makes up the visual area? | Occipital gyri of the occipital lobe |
| Where is the auditory area found? | Ectosylvian gryi of the temporal lobe |
| What is the origin of Cranial nerve I? | Olfactory nerve originates in olfactory cells of the olfactory epithelium |
| Destination of CNI? | olfactory bulb |
| Function of CNI? | Olfaction |
| This is the grey matter of the telencephalon that covers the surface of the cerebrum | cerebral cortex |
| The white matter of the telencephalon crossing the midsection | corpus callosum |
| The white matter of the telencephalon that extends ventrally - mixture of cerebral efferent and afferent fibers | internal capsule |
| This portion of the diencephalon is made up of gray matter and is pine-cone shaped | pineal gland = epithalamus |
| What is the function of the pineal gland/epithalamus? | endocrine gland - releases melatonin - regulates gonadal function & sleep/waking rhythms |
| The nuclei of the thalamus are responsible for what? | Sensory & motor signals combining before projecting to the cerbral cortex |
| damage to this structure would stop input to the cerebral cortex | internal capsule |
| The nuclei of the hypothalamus control the release of hormones from where? | hypophysis |
| Hypothalamus is key for what behaviors? | emotion, sleeping, eating, drinking, and sexual behavior |
| The hypothalamus plays a role in homeostasis maintenance in what two ways? | ANS control and control of circulating hormones |
| This nuclei mediates somesthetic sensory an motor information to their cotrices | thalamic nuclei |
| This nucleus is responsible for visual signals to the visual cortex | Lateral geniculate nucleus |
| What nucleus sends auditory signals to the auditory cortex | medial geniculate nucleus |
| CNII is responsible for what function? | Optic nerve = vision |
| CNII originates from where? | Retinal ganglion cells |
| What is the destination of CN II | lateral geniculate nucleus |
| What are the 3 areas visual information terminantes? | Lateral geniculate nucleus - conscious perception of vision Rostral colluciulus - puppilary dilation Protector nucleus - pupillary constriction (PLR) |
| What structure is the reflex center for the visual system? | rostral colliculus |
| What structure is the reflex for sound and movement? | caudal colliculus |
| this structure is the crossing point of motor fibers from left to right side of the brain for 75-80% of fibers | pyramidal decussation |
| Of the cranial nerves how many of them are from the brain stem? | 10 of the 12 cranial nerves |
| What cranial nerves are sensory? | I, II, VIII |
| What cranial nerves are motor? | III, IV, VI, XI, XII |
| What cranial nerves are mixed? | V, VII, IX, X |
| Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain? | III, IV |
| Which cranial nerves originate from the pons? | V |
| which nuclei receives the auditory information? | cochlear nuclei |
| which nuclei receives information for balance | vestibular nuclei |
| What midbrain structures is made of descending motor tracts of the cerebral cortex that terminate in the brain stem or spinal cord? | crus cerebri |
| What ocular muscle functions to lift the eyelid open to the palpebral fissure and what nerve innervates this muscle? | levator palpebrae m., CN III(oculomotr) |
| what muscle rotates the eye upwards and what nerve innervates it? | dorsal rectus m, CN III(oculomotor) |
| ventral rectus m. CN III(oculomotor) | |
| What muscle rotates the eye counterclockwise and clockwise? What nerve innervates it? | ventral oblique m. CN III (Oculomotor) |
| What causes a lateral strabismus? | Injury to CN III (oculomotor |
| what nerve causes pupil dilation? | Injury to CN III (oculomotor) |
| What causes ptosis (dropped eyelid)? | injury to CN III (oculomotor) |
| What nerve is responsible for third eyelid reflex? (response to cornea touch) | |
| What is the only structure connecting cerebellum to brain stem? | cerebellar peduncles |
| what structure needs to be cut to remove the cerebellum? | cerebellar peduncles |
| this brain structure is located caudal to the throchlear nerve and caudal colliculus | pons |
| What is responsible for the primary innervation of the orbital area? | CN V (opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve) |
| Of CN V which branches are sensory and which are mixed? | Opthalmic and maxillary are sensory, mandibular is mixed |
| A lesion of what nerve would lead to a dropped jaw? | mandibular branch of trigeminal (CN V) |
| An animal is not responding to a pen touch inside the nostril, what nerve is effected? | maxillary branch of trigeminal (CN V) |
| What spinal tract mediates the facial sensations (pain and temperature)? | Spinal tract V |
| What does the spinal tract V do? | mediate facial sensations (pain, temperature) |
| A dog is able to lap water? What nerve does this tell us about? | Hypoglossal nerve is okay |
| What response is tested by spontaneous blinking? | Menace response |
| What nerves are involved with the menace response? | CN III, VII |
| What nerves are involved with spontaneous linking? | CN III, VII |
| An animal that is not responding to a stimulus applied to the cheek, nostril or mandibular area shows an injury to what cranial nerve? | Trigeminal |
| What nerves are involved with the palpebral reflex? | trigeminal and facial |
| What is the sensory portion of the palpebral reflex? | trigeminal |
| What is the motor portion of the palpebral reflex? | facial |
| An animal has lack of sensation in orbital, maxillary or mandibular area - what nerve is affected? | trigeminal |
| Mild mastication problems - loss of mastication all together is seen in injuries of what CN? | Trigeminal - branch |
| What cranial nerve mediates aurditory and vestibular signals? | CN VIII = vestibulochochlear |
| Where is the cochlear nerve originate from? | cochlear nuclei |
| What does the cochlear nuclei innervate? | organ of corti in the inner ear |
| this nuclei is responsible for balance and ocular response to head movement | vestibular nuclei |
| What gives rise to the vestibular nerve? | vestibular nuclei |
| what innervates the vestibular receptors of the inner ear? | vestibular nuclei |
| What does the vestibular nuclei innervate? | vestibular receptors of inner ear |
| What lobe of the cerebellum is associated with the vestibular nuchlei? | flocculonodular |
| What mediates the signals for touch, vibration, preconception for the cervical and upper thoracic limb & thoracic areas | fasciculus cuneatus |
| Where is spinal tract V located? | lateral to the fasciculus cuneatus |
| What is found lateral to the fasciculus cuneatus? | spinal tract V |
| What mediates the signals for pain & temperature of the face? | spinal tract V |
| Which part of the brain gives rise to the CN VIII, 2 nuclei, the fasciculus cuneatus and a spinal tract dorsally? | Medulla oblongota |
| The trapezoid body is found in what part of the brain? | medulla |
| what type of fibers is the trapezoid body made of? | sensory fibers |
| what medullary structure carries auditory signals from the cochlear nuclei to the other auditory system nuclei? | trapezoid body |
| the trapezoid body carries what type of signals? | auditory |
| The pyramid is a part of what part of the brain? | pyramid |
| what type of fibers does the pyramid contain? | motor fibers |
| Where do the fibers in the pyramid run? | cerebral cortex to brain stem/spinal cord motor nuclei |
| What medullary structure is made of motor fibers, originating from the cerebral cortex and terminating in the motor nucleus in the brain stem or spinal cord? | pyramid |
| What nerves originate from the medullary area of the brain? | CN VI through XII |
| In this area 75% of pyramidal fibers cross to descend in the contralateral side of the spinal cord | pyramidal decussation |
| What is the pyramidal decussation? | area of medulla where 75% of pyraidal fibers cross to descend in the contralateral side of the spinal cord |
| Blinking, closing the eyelid, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, nasal glands, and the rostral 2/3 taste buds are under influence of what? | facial nerve CN VII |
| What is the function of the facial nerve? | facial expression, facial mm. |
| What does the motor nuclei VII do? | innervates facial mm. orbicularis oculi mm. |
| What does the parasympathetic nuclei VII control? | Lacrimal gland |
| facial parlaysis would indicate an injury to what? | Facial Nerve, motor nuclei VII |
| What injury would you suspect if the animal is not blinking or responding to the palpebral reflex? | orbicularis oculi mm. - facial nerve, motor nuclei VII |
| An animal that has keratitis most likely has injured what? | lacrimal gland - parasympathetic nucleus VII of facial nerve |
| What nerves are involved in the third eyelid reflex? | CN VI, V |
| What nerves are involved in the palpebral reflex? | CN V, VII facial, vestibulocochlear |
| this nerve mediates the vestibular signals from the vestibular organ of the inner ear to the vestibular nuclei in the medulla oblongata | Vestibular nerve of Vestibulocochlear nerve (VII) |
| What nerve mediates the auditory signals from the organ of Corti in the inner ear to the cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata | Cochlear nerve of Vestibulocochlear (VII) |
| Where is the cochlear nuclei found? | the caudal end of the cerebellar peduncles |
| Clinical sign associated with the CN VIII or cochlear nuclei would display how? | hearing loss on the side of the lesion, loss of balance |
| An animal with a tilted head, circling toward the same side may have what injury? | Vestibulocochlear nerve CN VIII |
| What is the peripheral sensory receptor of CN VIII? | vestibular organ |
| What type of nerve is CN VIII | sensory |
| What ganglion is related to the CN VIII | vestibular ganglion |
| What nuclei gives rise to the vestibular nuclei, flocculus and nodulus of cerebellum, motor nucleus III - VI, spinal motor nuclei | central nuclei |
| what clinical sign is the combination of involuntary slow and rapid eye movements? | nystagmus |
| nystagmus occurring when the head is still is seen with what injury? | CN VIII (vestibulochochlear) or vestibular nuclei |
| What cranial nerves are associated with swallowing? | IX and X glossopharyngeal and vagus |
| The pharynx, baroreceptors of carotid sinus, chemoreceptors of carotid body and the caudal 1/3 of the tongue taste buds are controled by what nucleus of what nerve? | Nucleus of the solitary tract - glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) |
| What are the three nuclei associated with CN IX? | glossopharyngeal nucleus of solitary tract = sensory parasympathetic nucleus IX = visceral motor nucleus ambiguus = motor |
| The parotid and zygomatic salviary glands are innervated by what? | glossopharygeal (IX)parasympathtetic nuc. IX |
| THe pharyngeal mm. are innervated by what? | glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) - nucleus ambiguus |
| What are the three nuclei associated with CN X? | Nucleus of solitary tract - sensory Parasympathetic nucleus X - visceral motor Nucleus ambiggus - motor |
| The thoracic and abdominal visceral are innervated by what? | nucleus of solitary tract - vagus nerve and parasympatethetic nucleus X |
| The baroreceptors of the aortic arch are innervated by what? | nucleus of the solitary tract - vagus nerve |
| The pharynx, larynx, and palate are innervated how? | Nucleus of the solitart tract - vagus |
| The laryngeal and pharyngeal mm and palate receive motor innervation from what | nucleus ambiggus - vagus nerve |
| T/FThe sequence of vomiting is influenced by the sensory stimulus triggering the reflex? | False - always identical sequence |
| What are the 7 steps to vomiting reflex? | 1 - Salivation 2 - Inspire deeply 3 - Elevate soft palate 4 - elevate hyoid bone 5 - Reverse peristalsis 6 - muscular contraction/relaxation 7 - open mouth |
| What contracts and what relaxes in the 6th step of the vomiting reflex? | Contraction = diaphragm, abdominal wall Relax = esophageal sphincter |
| The vomiting center is located in what area of the brain? | medulla oblongata |
| The vomiting center distributes efferents to what 4 areas | motor nucleus XII = tongue parasympathetic nucleus X = stomach/esophagus Nucleus ambiguus = pharygeal mm. Spinal motor nuclei & Intermediolateral nucleus |
| What part of the spinal nuclei is motor? sensory? | venrtal horn = motor, dorsal = sensory |
| What does the intermediolateral nucleus do? | innervates smooth m., cardiac m., and glandular tissue via sympathetic - diaphragm and abdominal m. coordination |
| What efferent area is responsible for the dog opening its mouth in the vomit reflex (step 7) | motor nucelus XII |
| Steps 3-5 of the vomiting reflex receive innervation from where? | nucleus ambigus |
| step 6 in the vomiting reflex involves contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal mm. - this is innervated by what? | intermediolateral nucleus of spinal cord |
| A lesion of the nucleus ambiguus would cause issues with what two reflexes? | vomiting, swallowing |
| The afferent nerves to the vomiting center consist of what 4 stimuli? | 1 - Higher cortical centers = fear, smell, sight, trauma 2 - vestibular receptor = motion sickness 3 - stomach/SI = irritation, distension 4 - chemoreceptor trigger zone |
| The accessory nerve (XI) has a two root origins what are they? | cranial root - medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguus), spinal root motor nuc. of C1-C6 |
| What nerve innervates the laryngeal, pharyngeal mm. and the neck and shoulder mm.? | Accessory nerve (XI) |
| The internal branch of the accessory nerve joins what other nerve? | vagus |
| Where does the hypoglossal nerve originate from? | multiple fibers off of the medullary area |
| What nerve innervates both intrinsic and extrinsic mm. of the tongue? | hypoglossal (XII) |
| What is the function of the styloglossus and hypoglossus? what innervates them? | retract into oral cavity, hypoglossal nerve (XII) |
| What muscle sticks the tongue out of the mouth? What nevre innervates it? | genioglossus - hypoglossal nerve |
| A lesion of the hypoglossal nerve affects the dog's resting/panting tongue how? | Early - deviates toward normal side, Chronic - toward lesion side |
| A lesion of CN XII affects a dog's tongue when licking how? | toward the lesioned side always |
| the combination ofthe arachnoid membrane and the pia matter is known as what? | leptomeninges |
| the meninges seperating the rostral cerebellum and caudal cerebrum has what name? | tentorium cerebelli |
| A specific part of the meninges seperating R & L hemispheres of the cerebellum is what? | Falx cerebri |
| What allows the cerebellum to be spared initially in brain swelling? | tentorium cerebelli |
| What is the outlet caudal to the peduncel? | Lateral recess |
| What is the area where CSF leaves 4th ventricles to subarachnoid space of the menengies of both sides? | Lateral recess |
| What is the location of the ventricular system | |
| What are the components of the ventricular system | Lateral ventricle, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal |
| The lateral ventricle is associated with what other structure? | caudate nucleus |
| The 3rd ventricle is associated with what other structures? | thalamus, hypothalamus |
| Cerebral aqueduct is associated with what other structure? | midbrain |
| 4th ventricle is associated with what? | pons, medulla oblongata |
| Central canal is associated with what other structures? | caudal medulla oblongata, spinal cord |
| What is the function of the choroid plexus? | produce CSF |
| What is the function of the CSF? (3) | - cushion brain, spinal cord,= protect - maintain stable EC enviornment - remove metabolites from CNS |
| Where is the choroid plexus found (3) | - lateral ventricle - 3rd ventricle - 4th ventricle NOT Cerebral aqueduct |
| What covers the 4th ventricle? | medullar velum |
| what cell lines the ventricles? | ependymal cells |
| What type of junctions are utilized between ependymal cells? | tight junctions |
| What is the pattern of circulation of CSF? | lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, lateral recess, central canal, (spinal cord) subarachnoid space, dorsal sagittal sinus |
| What is the motor funciton of the spinal cord? | relay motor signals from cerebral cortex & brain stem to spinal motor neurons |
| What is the sensory function of the spinal cord? | relay sensory signals from somatic & visceral sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and/or other segments of the spinal cord |
| What is responsible for mediating the spinal reflexes? | spinal cord |
| What is the location of the ascending spinal tract? | |
| Where is the descending spinal tract located? | |
| What is the lateral cervical nucleus responsible for? | touch and pain in C1-C2 |
| What is the nucleus thoracicus responsible for? | preconception of the trunk and pelvic limbs (T1-L4) |
| the intermediolateral nucleus is what type of nucleus? | sympathetic |
| What is the intermediolateral nucleus responsible for? | cranial, thoracic and abdominal viscera (T1-L3) |
| What is the sacral parasympathetic nucleus responsible for? | pelvic viscera (S2-S3) |
| What function does the descending tract serve? | regulate control skeletal mm. |
| What function does the ascending tract have? | sensory recptor |
| What does the dorsal plexus supply? | dorsal horn and dorsal faniculi |
| What forms the dorsal plexus? | dorsal spinal artery |
| where is the ventral branch of a spinal artery found? | ventral fissure |
| what supplies the medial portion of the ventral fanicculus | central branch |
| What forms the ventral and lateral plexus? | dorsal and ventral spinal a. |
| What forms the central branch | ventral branch of spinal artery |
| What connect the sympathetic ganglion (dorsal root ganglion) to the sympathetic trunk | communicating branch = ramus communicans |
| How many spinal segments in total? | 36 |
| How many cervical segements of the spinal column? how many cervical vertebrae? | 8 segments, 7 verterbare |
| How does the CNS tell the difference between touch and pain? | receptor specific sensory modality and specific pathways |
| Free nerve endings receive what signals? | pain, temperature |
| What receptors sense pain? | nociceptor |
| What receptors sense temperature | thermoreceptor |
| What makes up a Merkel's corpuscle? | Merkel cell + sensory terminal end |
| What senses touch and pressure | Merkel's corpuscle |
| what type of receptor senses pressure | mechanoreceptor |
| where are merkel's corpuscles located? | deep in dermis, in joint capsules and some visceral organs |
| What does the pacinian cropuscle sense? what are these receptors called? | sense vibration - mechanoreceptors |
| What do hair follicles sense? | touch |
| What classification are hair follicle terminals? | mechanoreceptors |
| What does the muscle spindle sense? What classification is this? | proprioception (proprioceptor) |
| What does the golgi-tendon organ sense? | proprioception |
| What two things modulate intensity? | number of receptors, frequency of action potential |
| Where does the signal go after it goes to the spinal cord? | - dorsal horn - ventral horn - spinal cord segments |
| What neurons come from the dorsal horn and send axons to other segments of the spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus, or cerebellum? | projection neurons |
| These neurons are short circuit, local bridges, mediating one neuron to another | Interneurons |
| What type makes up the majority of neurons? | interneurons = 80% |
| What are the two divisions of interneurons? | excitatory, inhibitatory |
| These neurons are in the intermediate substance | Autonomic motor neurons |
| What are the divisions of the motor neurons of the ventral horn? | alpha, gamma |
| What neurons innervate extrafusal fibers? | alpha motor neurons in ventral horn |
| what neurons are also known as LMN | lower motor neuron = alpha motor neurons |
| What does the gamma motor neuron innervate | muscle spindle |
| What neurons mediate the incoming sensory signals to other neurons in the vicinity within the same segment of spinal cord? | interneurons |
| What is the area of skin innervated by sensory fibers of a single spinal root? | dermatome |
| where is the dermatome mapped? | sensory corte |
| A lesion across the entire spinal cord in the region of L2-L3 would have what issues? | pelvic limb paralysis |
| What area do signals have to pass through both coming and going to the cortex | internal capsule |
| What innervates the extrafusal skeletal muscles? | alpha motor neruons = LMN |
| What innervates the intrafusal muscle spindle | gamma motor neruons |
| What type of neuron directly innervates skeletal muscle? | lower motor neuron |
| What is the innervation to skeletal muscle? | upper motor neuron, not direct, influence LMN via descending motor tracts |
| What is the process of a synpase? | - axon potential actiates Ca++ channel when it lowers - synpatic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane - neurotransmitter leave site - bind to specific receptor |
| How does the spinal cord convey signals to the skeletal muscle? | stimulation of motor neurons in the ventral horn |
| How does the spinal cord convey signals to the muscle spindle? | Stimulation of gamma motor neurons in the ventral horn |
| How does the motor system determine the contractile force of muscles needed for any given task? | Motor units utilized effectively to generate appropriate contractile forces |
| what is a motor unit? | motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates |
| What toxin prevents the release of neurotransmitters from inhibitory interneruons? | Tetnus |
| What cells are predominant on LMN to extensor muscles? | renshaw cells |
| What is the function of the Renshaw cell? | self-regulate or inhibit the LMN? |
| What inhibits/self-regulates the LMN? | Renshaw cells |
| An animal that is very stiff with quivering muscles and fully extended extensor muscles most likely has what? | tetnus |
| How long will the tetnus toxin stay bound? | 3 weeks |
| What is an example that BLOCKS the release of Ach from the presynaptic site? | Tick paralysis |
| An animal with no control of their muscles could have what? | Tick paralysis - no transmission from pre-synpatic to post-synaptic |
| An animal with actual decreased numbers of Ach receptors on the post synaptic site may have what disease? | Myasthenia gravis |
| A receptor deficeit = skeletal muscles are not properly functioning in what disease? | Myasthenia gravis |
| What is the normal sequence of a muscle contraction? | Ach binds to receptor - detaches - enzyme breaks up - will continue as long as muscle contraction is needed |
| What is the treatment of myasthenia gravis? | anti-achetocholine -esterase - enzyme does not break up Ach - keep Ach around receptors as long as possible |
| What is a relatively simple, stereotyped motor response to sensory input? | reflex |
| What reflex maintains posture and muscle tone and protects the body by quickly responding to danger or sudden changes in the surroundings? | spinal reflex? |
| What does the spinal reflex do? | Maintains posture and muscle tone, protects body by responding quickly |
| How does the spinal cord mediate the local reflex? | Circuitry relay of sensory signals to motor neurons |
| What reflex is induced by stretching the skeletal muscle? | myotatic reflex |
| What nerve is involved in the quadriceps reflex? | femoral |
| What is the origin of the quadriceps reflex? | L4-6 |
| What nerve is being tested in the triceps reflex? | Radial n. |
| What is the origin of the nerve of the trcipes reflex? | C6-8, T1-2 |
| What reflex is the triceps brachii associated with? | triceps brachii |
| The monosynaptic reflex requires how many neurons? | 2 - one sensory, one motor |
| Polysynaptic reflex requires how many neurons? | 3 - sensory, interneuron, motor |
| What type of spinal reflex is composed of a minimum of 3 neurons? | reflex arc |
| What type of reflex is the flexor/withdrawl reflex? | polysynpatic |
| What reflex is being tested by pinching a dogs toe? | withdrawl/flexor |
| What nerve is tested in the perineal reflex? | pudendal nerve |
| Where does the pudendal nerve originate? | S1-3 |
| What muscle is associated with the perineal reflex? | anal sphincter |
| What is the path of the descending tract? | cerebral cortex to skeletal muscle |
| What is the path of the ascending tract? | Sensory receptor to thalamus |
| An animal with a lesion in the Left C1-C5 area would display how pertaining to the myotactic reflex? | present in all four limbs, possibly hyperreflexic in left limbs |
| A lesion in of the left side in C6-T1/T2 would present how pertaining to the myotactic reflex? | absent in L thoracic, hyperreflexic in L pelvic |
| A lesion of the left side between T2-L3 would present how concerning the myotactic reflex? | Present in all four limbs, possibly hyperreflexic in the left pelvic limb |
| A lesion of the left side between the L4-S1 would present how by myotactic reflex? | Present in both throacic limbs and R pelvic limb, absent in L pelvic |
| This portion of the dorsal horn is only found in the area of C1-C2 and is a projection off of the dorsal horn | lateral cervical nucleus |
| This nucleus is found througout the dorsal horn | dorsal horn nuclei |
| THis segment is in the thoracic + upper lumbar portions of the spinal chord and is found at the base of the dorsal horn? | Nucleus throacicus |
| What tract is responsible for only pain and touch? | speinocervicothalamic tract |
| What spinal tract mediates pain, touch, and temperature | spinothalamic tract |
| This tract runs from the lateral cervical nucleus to free nerve endings/terminal hair follicles? | Spinocervicothalamic tract |
| The spinocervicalthalmic tract is contralateral or ipsilateral? | ipsilateral |
| This tract is one long wire from the thalamus clear to free nerve endings or hair follicle terminals | spinothalmic tract |
| THe spinothalamic tract is contralateral or ipsilateral? | contralateral |
| A lesion of the spinal chord on the left side between C1-C5 would have what effect? | none - all limbs still sense pain |
| A lesion of the spinal chord on the left side between C6-T1 would have what effect? | L thoracic deficient in pain/temp/touch |
| A lesion of the spinal chord on the left side between T3-L3 would have what effect? | none - all limbs sense pain |
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