Thorax
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| What is the line of pleural reflection? | LPP defines limit of pleural cavity
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| Where is the vertebral LPP? | costal pleura reflects ventrally to form mediastinal pleura - runs along bodies of thoracic vertebrae
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| Sternal LPP location? | costal reflects dorsally to form mediastinal pleura - get acute angle (costomediastinal recess) where basal lung border extends.
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| Diaphragmatic LPP | Costal pleura reflects onto diaphragmatic pleura - narrow acute space is costodiaphragmatic recess - border of lung fills space on expansion
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| Location of equine line of pleural reflection? | 8th CCJ - sternal end of 9th rib - curves to middle of cranial border of last rib
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| LPP in cattle? | 8th CCJ - gentle curve to middle of 11th rib - to 12th rib, 15cm from vertebral end, just below iliocostalis lumborum m.
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| Pig LPP | 7th CCJ - gentle curve to middle last rib
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| sheep/goat LPP | 8th costal cartilage to 9th CCJ - curve to 13th rib 5cm dorsal to CCJ - medial curve to cranial border of 1st lumbar transverse process
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| Where would you perform an equine thoracocentesis? | low in 7th intercostal space, cranial to 8th rib, level of CCJ
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| What are the boundaries of the area of equine lung auscultation? | Line from olecranon to caudal angle of scapula, then line from here to tuber coxae (along epaxial muscles) - third line is from olecranon to upper 16th rib
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| Area of bovine lung auscultation? | line of long head of triceps, epaxial muscles, and line from olecranon to dorsal part of 11th rib
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| Where would you listen to rumen sounds? | Left paralumbar fossa
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| What are the 1st and 2nd heart sounds? | 1st = closing of AV valves
2nd = closing of aortic/pulmonary
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| What is the puncta maxima? | the area of maximum heart sound
Left AV - low 5th ICS
Aortic - high in left 4th ICS
Pulmonary - low in left 3rd ICS
right AV - low in right 3-4th ICS
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| Pig heart location | 2nd - 5th rib
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| Sheep/Ox/Goat heart position | 2nd ICS - 5th ICS
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| Horse heart position? | 2nd ICS - 6th ICS
horizontal lines from point of shoulder and olecranon
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| Horse vertebral formula | C7 T18 L5-6 S5 Ca15-21
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| Cow vertebral formula | C7 T13 L6 S5 Ca18-20
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| Pig vertebral formula | C7 T13 L6 S5 Ca18-20
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| Pig vertebral formula | C7 T14-15 L5-7 S4 Ca20-23
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| Dog vertebral formula | C7 T13 L7 S3 Ca20-24
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| Sheep vertebral formula | C7 T13 L6-7 S4 Ca16-18
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| Describe thoracic vertebrae | Long spinous processes (narrow cranial border, wider caudal with groove)
Short bodies and flattened extremities
Short transverse process (articulate with rib tubercle)
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| Where is the anticlinal vertebra? | Dog: 10-11
Pig/goat: 12
Ox: 13
Horse: 16
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| Compare ox and horse ribs | Ox: body is longer, flatter, wider, and less curved - enlarged ventral extremity
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| # and type of ribs in Horse | 18 ribs
8 true, 10 false, 7 sternebrae
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| # and type of ribs in pig | 14 ribs
7 true, 7 false, 6 sternebrae
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| # an type of ribs in ruminants (ox, sheep, goat) | 13 ribs
8 true, 5 false, 7 sternebrae
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| # and type of ribs in cats/dogs | 13 ribs
9 true, 4 false, 8 sternebrae
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| What ligament spans between 2 rib heads? | intercapital lig
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| A ligament from rib tubercle to transverse process | Costotransverse lig
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| Name the epaxial thoracic muscles | Lateral system: iliocostalis and longissimus = ribeye
Medial system: spinalis, transversospinalis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, rotators
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| What additional pectoral part is present in large animals but not the dog? | the subclavius part of the deep part of the pectorals (they do have transverse and descending superficial, and ascending deep)
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| What makes up the hump of bulls? | massive rhomboideus muscle and fat
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| Define synsarcosis | means by which muscles are used to attach different parts of the bony skeleton to one another - attaches bones of thoracic limb to thorax (ascending pectoral, serratus ventralis, rhomboideus, trapezius)
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| What is the dorsoscapular ligament? | Modified thickening of thoracolumbar fascia in area of withers - consists of laminae - goes through serratus ventralis to attach to medial surface of scapula
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| List muscles of inspiration and expiration | Inspiration: cranial serratus dorsalis, external intercostals, rib levators, rectus thoracis, diaphragm
Expiration: caudal serratus dorsalis, internal intercostals, retractors of ribs, transversus thoracis
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| Orientation of intercostals? | internal = caudodorsal
external = caudoventral
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| 3 parts of the diaphragm and attachment sites? | lumbar, costal sternal
lumbar = attaches to ventral longitudinal ligament (right crus at L3-4, left crus at L1-2)
Costal part - from last 3-4 ribs, attaches to 8-10 costal cartilages and ribs caudal to 10
Sternal - from xiphoid cartilage
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| What are the openings in the diaphragm? | aortic and esophageal hiatuses in lumbar part (aortic = aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct; esophageal = esophaus, dorsal and ventral vagal trunks, blood vessels)
Caval foramen through central tendon (dense U shaped c.t. - forms cupula)
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| Cranial extent of diaphragm? | Vertex = cupula diaphragmatis
6th rib to 6th ICS
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| T/F All lobes of the lung are completely surrounded by visceral pleura | FALSE
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| Space where only thing separating thoracic from abdominal cavity is the pleura and peritoneum | Lumbocostal arch (contains sympathetic trunks, splanchnic nerves)
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| The brachial plexus passes through this muscle, the phrenic nerve originates on the lateral surface, and it has 3 parts (mostly) | Scalenus
- dorsal, middle, ventral bodies in pigs
dorsal absent in horse, ventral absent in carnivores
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| This space contains the accessory lobe of the lung | mediastinal recess
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| Which species have a fenestrated mediastinum? | Carnivores and horses - rare in sheep
NO fenestrations in cattle, goats, pigs
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| What forms the mediastinum? | Fusion of medial surfaces of two pleural sacs
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| Lobes of horse lung? | Left: cranial and caudal
Right: cranial, caudal, accessory
horse = simplest
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| Pig lung lobes? | Left: divided cranial, caudal
Right: cranial (tracheal bronchus), middle, caudal, accessory
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| Ruminant lung lobes? | Left: divided cranial, caudal
Right: Cranial (divided and connected to tracheal bronchus), middle, caudal, accessory
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| Carnivore lung lobes? | Left: divided cranial, caudal
Right: cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
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| Lung lobulation by species? | Carnivores = none
Pigs = entire surface
Ox = very evident on entire surface
Goat = cranial and middle only
Sheep = essentially absent
Horse = not distinct, small irregular lobes
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| Thymus extent by species? | Ox - cranial to thoracic
Pig - same as ox
Horse - cervical to thoracic
Dog - just thoracic
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| Where does the lymph vessel joins the venous system? | Venous angle
Right venous angle - thoracic duct, left jugular trunk
Right venous angle - right lymphatic duct (right jugular duct)
They empty into confluence of internal and external jugular or ipsilateral subclavian vein
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| # cysterna chyli in each species, and where does the thoracic duct enter into thoracic cavity? | Single: R,P
Double: D,H
thoracic duct passes through aortic hiatus in D, P, H
Through lumbocostal arch - R
Goat - slit in right crus
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| 4 main categories of lymphocenters? | Dorsal thoracic (thoracic aortic and intercostal), ventral thoracic (cranial and caudal sternal), mediastinal (cranial, middle, caudal), bronchial (left, right, middle, cranial tracheobronchial)
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| The thoracic aortic lymphocenter (part of dorsal thoracic) is located where? What species have it? | it is found ventral to the sympathetic trunk
Constant in all but dog
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| Intercostal lymphocenter (part of dorsal thoracic) is found where, and in what species? | it is found dorsal to the sympathetic trunk
Not found in pig, sometimes found in dog (IC)
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| Cranial sternal lymphocenter (part of ventral thoracic) - what species? | Constant in ALL species (IC in horse)
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| Caudal sternal lymphocenter (part of ventral thoracic) | Constant in ox
IC in horse and sheep
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| Which species have cranial mediastinal lymphocenter? | ALL species
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| Which species have middle mediastinal lymphocenters? | all but dog and pig
(so found in horses and ruminants)
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| Whic species have caudal mediastinal lymphocenters? (found between aorta and esophagus) | all but dog (horse is IC)
so absent in carnivores
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| Which species have left tracheobronchial lymphocenters? | All species
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| The pericardium is made of how many serous layers? Name them. | 3 layers
mediastinal pleura (or pericardial pleura)
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
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| Where is the fibrous parietal pericardium layer? What ligaments does it make? | It is a thick tough membrane between mediastinal pleura and parietal pericardium.
It makes up the phrenicopericardial ligament (dog - from pericardium to diaphragm) and the sternopericardial ligaments - from pericardium to sternum, 2 in pigs
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| How much fluid is found in the pericardial cavity? | 4-6ml
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| How is the heart suspended in the thoracic cavity? | by loose endothoracic fascia - attached to fibrous pericardium
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| What is cranial-caudal extent of the heart? | 3rd to 6th ribs
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| Where is the base of hte heart? | imaginary line through middle of first rib
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| Which side of the body is more of the heart found on? | the left side (important because auricular surface closer to body wall, hear heart sounds better)
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| What species have bilateral coronary type? | pig and horse
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| what species have left coronary circulation type? | sheep, goat, ox
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| Which species have a left azygous vein? Which have a right? Which have both? | Pig has left - drains into coronary sinus
Horse has right - drains to CVC
Sheep, goat, ox - left drains to coronary, right drains to CVC
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| Which species have distinctly notched auricular edges? | ox, sheep, goat
pig has few distinct notches
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| Left side of heart: surface name, groove name, intercostal contacts | auricular surface
paraconal interventricular groove
contacts ICS 3-6
origin of pulmonary artery is between auricles
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| Right side of heart: surface name, groove name, intercostal contacts | atrial surface
subsinuosal interventricular groove (since its below sinus venarum of RA)
contacts ICS 3-4
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| Aortic and pulmonary valves are what type? | semilunar (have right and left cusp and septal cusp)
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| the L AV valve is what type? | bicuspid (mitral)
has parietal and septal cusps
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| the R AV valve is what type? | tricuspid
has parietal, septal, and angular cusps
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| Where are pectinate muscles found? | they are ridges inside the auricles
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| What are trabeculae carneae | roughened areas on wall of ventricle - bands of tissue
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| What extends from the septal to the parietal wall of the ventricle and is part of the heart's conduction system? | trabeculae septomarginalis
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| What is the intervenous tubercle? | tissue that diverts blood from cranial and caudal VC down through the right AV opening
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| Where is the fossa ovalis? | caudal to intervenous tubercle, it is a remnant of the foramen ovale
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| Where/what is the coronary sinus? | drainage of great coronary vein - found just ventral to where Caudal VC domes into sinus venarum
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| what is the ductus venosus? | shunt through the fetal liver
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| What is the ductus arteriosus? | shunt between pulmonary trunk and aorta in fetus
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| Trace the path of electrical impulse through the heart | SA node -- AV node (ventral end of atrial septum) -- AV bundle -- L and R bundle branches
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| The skeleton of the heart consists of what? | tendinous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue
situated around orifices of great vessels and between atria and ventricles
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| Valve positions in horses | RAV: 4th ICS right
P: 3rd ICS
A: 4th ICS
M/LAV: 5th
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| Ox valve positions | RAV: 3rd ICS
P: 3rd ICS
A: 4th rib on left
M: 4th ICS
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| Dog valve positions | RAV: 4th on right
P: 4th rib on left
A: 5th rib on left
M: 5th ICS left
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| In what species does the left subclavian artery leave the aorta separately? | dog and pig
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| What species have a single brachiocephalic trunk off the artery? | ruminant and horse
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| The internal thoracic artery is continued as what? | the cranial superficial epigastric artery
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| What are the branches of the left subclavian artery in ruminants? | costocervical, superficial cervical, internal thoracic, and continued as axillary
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| What are the branches of the ruminants costocervical trunk? | vertebral, dorsal scapular, deep cerivcal, superior intercostal
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| Branches of horse left subclavian | costocervical trunk (dorsal scapular and superior intercostal)
deep cervical
vertebral
superficial cervical
internal thoracic
continues as axillary
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| The internal jugular vein is absent in what species? | small ruminants, horses
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