Large Animal Nutrition
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| Carnivores | depend on enzymes in digestive tract, break down east to digest animal sourced nutrients, NO fermentation.
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| Herbivores | depend on microbial fermentation, occurs in large "fermentation vat" within digestive tract. This includes the rumen in cattle and enlarged cecum in horses.
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| Omnivores | depend on both enzymatic digestion plus small amount of microbial fermentation, occurs in large intestine.
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| Nutrient | any substance that provides nourishment to an organism. Two categories: energy producing and non-energy producing.
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| Energy Producing Nutrients | Macronutrients:
-proteins
-fats
-carbohydrates
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| Non-energy Producing Nutrients | Micronutrients:
-water
-vitamins
-minerals
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| Water | the most important nutrient, 50-70% of body wt is this, excess is excreted through the kidneys via urine, mLs of this-day should be equal to kcal/day.
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| Water Functions | -metabolism of ALL nutrients in the body, digestion, transport of solutes and gases, urine output, absorption/metabolism of water-soluble vitamins, body temp reg, electrolyte reg, lubricates joints and eyes.
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| Protein | large molecules made up of amino acids, theres essential and non-essential, excessive amounts are not stored in the body.
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| Protein Functions | -regulate metabolism, construction of cell membranes, forms muscle fibers, grows/repairs tissues, serves as enzymes/hormones/antibodies.
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| Amino Acids | essential nutrient, cannot be synthesized by the body, must be supplied in diet. Non-essential can be synthesized by the body. Uses synthesis.
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| Fats (lipids) | nutrient that is classified in several ways: short/medium/long chain or saturated/mono&poly unsaturated. Excessive amounts will be stored in the body
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| Fats Functions | -primary source of energy, supply essential fatty acids, facilitate digestion, carrier of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Body cannot synthesize essential fatty acids, must be provided in diet.
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| Fatty Acid Deficiency | this deficiency causes poor hair coat, skin infections, wt loss, and decreased immune system.
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| Carbohydrates | sugars and starches, foods of plant origin, used mainly for energy
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| Simple Carbohydrates | -Glucose
-Sucrose
-Fructose
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| Complex Carbohydrates | -Starch
-Glycogen
-Fiber
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| Fiber | nutrient often mistaken as a complex carbohydrate, found in plant sources of food, positive effects on health, resists enzymatic digestion. Soluble is fermentable, insoluble is passed into feces.
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| Fiber Examples | -Psyllium
-Guar gum
-Pectin
-Beet pulp
-Wheat bran
-Cellulose
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| Vitamins | nutrient needed for normal physiologic function, most cannot by synthesized by body. 2 classifications: water soluble and fat soluble
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| Fat Soluble Vitamins | vitamins stored in the body, may accumulate to toxic levels (A, D, E, K).
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| Water Soluble Vitamins | vitamins not stored in the body, excreted by urine (B complex & C).
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| Minerals | nutrient necessary in the body for metabolic processes, inorganic elements, responsible for many different functions within the body, problems can arise from too little of any specific mineral or too much of one.
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| Minerals (examples) | -Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, iodide, boron.
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| Maintenance Nutrient Requirements | levels of nutrients needed to sustain body wt without gain/loss, minimum level of dietary need, requirements are generally higher than the MNR. Used by livestock producers.
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| MNR Influencing Factors | -body size, health status, stress, environment, exercise, behavior, genetics, reproductive status, gender, breed.
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| Total Digestible Nutrients (TDNs) | general measure of the nutritive value of feed.
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| Gross Energy (GE) | total energy potential available in a feed consumed by an animal.
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| Digestible Energy (DE) | energy that remains after the energy lost in feces is subtracted from gross energy.
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| Metabolizable Energy (ME) | energy available to the animal after energy from feces, urine, and combustible gases have been subtracted from gross energy, used to express the energy content of foods and commercial diets.
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| Net Energy (NE) | actual portion of energy available to the animal for use in maintaining body values or during pregnancy or lactation.
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| Feedstuffs | any dietary component that provides some essential nutrient or serves some other function. Divided into categories: forages (roughage), concentrates, byproducts, mineral and vitamin supplements, non-nutritive additives.
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| Non-nutritive Feedstuffs | provides bulk, flavor, odor, color, or act as an antioxidant.
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| Forages | feeds that are made up of most/all plant, large amount of fiber, low energy density, high bulk. Protein content depends on type of plant/harvesting stage, belong to either legume or grass plant families.
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| Concentrates | feed low in fiber, high in energy/protein. Energy contained in starch & added to diet to increase energy density. Includes: cereal grains (barley, corn, millet, oats, rye, sorghum, wheat), molasses, root crops (beets, carrots), potatoes.
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| By Products | residues of the feed-processing industry, span wide variety of feedstuffs, contain substantial amounts of fermentable fiber, energy, and protein.
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| Vitamin and Mineral Supplements | sources of individual/combo of minerals, with or without vitamins. Fat-soluble supplemented in premixes. Water-soluble usually supplemented in swine/horse diets. Yeast cultures are a good source of B-complex.
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| Non-nutritive Additives | used to stimulate performance, improve feed efficiency and animal health. Includes: buffers, hormones, binders, and meds. Meds regulated by the FDA.
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| Dairy Cattle- Feeding | these cows require forage and grain fed separately, can either have high protein concentrate/low protein forage or low protein concentrate/high protein forage. Forage free choice always, concentrates twice daily, silage 1-2 times/day.
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| Dairy Cattle- Carbohydrate Intake | these are received from grasses, should be 50-80% of diet
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| Diary Cattle- Fat Intake | these are received from concentrates, should be 5-6 % of total energy intake.
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| Dairy Cattle- Protein Intake | these are received by consuming Legume hay (alfalfa). Meet these needs during lactation and reproduction.
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| Dairy Cattle- Colostrum | colostrum produced in 1st 72 hours, gives energy and maternal immunity to calves. Start on milk replacers for 1st wk of life, forage added within 1st week, weaned at 4-8 wks.
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| Diary Cattle- Cost | feed represents 50% of the total cost of milk production.
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| Beef Cattle- Cost | feeding represents 75% of the cost of the production of these cows.
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| Beef Cattle- Feeding | goal is to control profitability by attaining optimal nutrient intake with least cost. 2 areas: cow-calf production and finishing cattle.
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| Goal of Cow-calf Production | goal is to produce a live calf from each cow each year, nutrition has a huge impact on reproduction.
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| Cow-calf Production: energy | these cattle get energy mostly from carbohydrates, then protein, then fats. Need forages w/ significant fiber content, supply energy w/ silage or hay. Animal protein sources are NOT allowed.
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| Cow-calf: Supplementation | need to be supplemented with minerals and salt (1-5 lbs/cow/day).
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| Calves- Feeding | need colostrum within 1st 2 hours, eats mother's milk and pasture/forage, creep feeders, weaned around 7-8 months.
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| Orphan Calves- Feeding | sometimes these calves are put on another cow, feed like dairy cows, colostrum is still important.
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| Finishing Cattle- Feeding | time in the growth phase where cattle are fed to produce beef, maximum feed intake & wt gain without digestive upset, most 1-2 yrs old, high energy diets.
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| Finishing Cattle- Feed Requirements | total dry feed 2-3% body weight, protein 9-14% total energy, calcium, phosphorus, salt, Vitamins A & E.
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| Sheep (Ewes/breeding)- Feeding | largest operation cost- only need sufficient feed to maintain normal wt between breedings, pasture is generally adequate, energy requirements based in stage of reproduction, poor nutrition leads to lamb paralysis, need protein, salt, minerals.
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| Lambs | require colostrum within 1st hour, start w/ milk replacer, weaned to solid feed at 3-4 wks. Need 16-20% protein.
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| Grower Lambs | 50-85 lbs.
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| Finisher Lambs | over 85 lbs.
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| Colostridium perfringens | overeating dz, caused by overeating of grain rich rations, vacc at 2 months of age for lambs.
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| Pigs- Feeding Cost | feeding represents 60-70% of the cost of production.
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| Breeding Pigs- Requirements | last month of gestation in these breeding animals needs energy increase, lactation is the highest energy demand, feed sows twice a day, protein 11-12%, piglets need iron supplements.
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| Starter Pigs | pigs from weaning until 50 lbs, protein needs 20-24%, high quality foods for these pigs.
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| Finishing Pigs | pigs that need complete rations, fiber is used minimally, need amino acid supplements (Lysine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine).
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| Horses- Feeding Cost | largest cost of operation in horses.
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| Horses- Feeding | mostly forage grasses/hays, minimum of 50% of ration and 1-3% of body wt. 5 acres of land per horse, needs grains, maintain wt and food for work load.
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| Light Work Horses | horses that require 1.5% of horses body wt in dry matter, grain should be 0.5-1.5 lbs per hour of activity.
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| Moderate Work Horses | horses that require 1.5% of horses body wt in dry matter, grain should be 2-3 lbs per hour of activity
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| Heavy Work Horses | horses that require 1.5% of horses body wt in dry matter, grain should be over 4 lbs per hour of activity.
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| Foals- Feeding | mares milk only until 2 months, creep feed after 2 months, 1 lb/month of age/day up to 6 lbs. Calcium & phosphorus supplementation, and will drink water in addition to milk.
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| Creep Feeding | a method of supplementing the diet of young livestock, primarily in beef calves, by offering feed to animals who are still nursing.
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| Sick Horses- Feed | these horses need special energy requirements, reduce gastric motility, and slurries through a nasogastric tube.
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Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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