Clinical Pathology 2
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| Hematopoiesis | Refers to the production of blood cells and platelets
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| Thrombocytes | Another term for platelets
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| Erythropoiesis | The production of erythrocytes
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| Leukopoiesis | The production of leukocytes
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| Thrombopoiesis | The production of platelets
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| Pluripotent Stem Cells | Stem cells that are capable of developing into various types of cells (like any blood cells)
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| Cytokine | A development pathway that is determined by interactions with chemical messengers (in relation to pluripotent stem cells)
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| Erythropoietin (EPO) | Primary cytokine responsible for red blood cell production
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| -penia | Refers to a decreased number of cells in the blood
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| Neutropenia | Decreased number of neutrophils
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| Lymphopenia | Decreased number of lymphocytes
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| Pancytopenia | Decreased numbers of all blood cell types
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| -philia or -cytosis | Refers to an increased number of cells in the blood
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| Neutrophilia | Increased number of neutrophils
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| Leukocytosis | Increased number of leukocytes
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| Left Shift | Refers to an increased number of immature neutrophils
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| Leukemia | Neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow; is often described with terms like leukemic, subleukemic, or aleukemic to indicate the tendency for neoplastic cells to be released in the blood
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| Leukemoid Response | Conditions that can be mistaken for leukemia; characterized by leukocytosis and is usually the result of an inflammatory disease
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| Anticoagulant | Prevents or delays the clotting of blood
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| Plasma | The fluid portion of whole blood in which cells are suspended; roughly 90% water and 10% dissolved constituents (like proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones...)
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| Serum | Plasma from which fibrinogen, a plasma protein, has been removed; when blood clots, the fluid that is squeezed out around the cellular clot is serum
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| Polycythemia | An increased number of circulating red blood cells; accompanied by an increased packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration
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| Anemia | A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, usually as a result of decreased numbers of circulating red blood cells
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| Buffy Coat | A whitish-gray layer that sits just above the red blood cell layer in a microhematocrit tube after centrifugation; consists of white blood cells and platelets
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| Lipemic | Used to describe cloudy serum
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| Icteric | Used to describe plasma that has a deep yellow color; seen in animals with liver disease or hemolytic anemia
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| Hemoglobin | The functional unit of the erythrocyte
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| Oxyhemoglobin | Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen
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| What are the 3 erythrocyte indices? | Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
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| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) | The measure of the average size of the erythrocytes
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| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) | The mean weight of hemoglobin contained in the average red blood cell
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| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) | The concentration of hemoglobin in the average erythrocyte (or the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume in which it is contained)
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| Megathrombocytes | Unusually large platelets
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| Pelger-Huet Anomaly | A congenital hereditary defect that is characterized by the hyposegmentation of all granulocyte nuclei
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| Macrocytosis | A mean corpuscular volume greater than 100 fL
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| Toxic Granulation | Intensely stained primary granules
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| Atypical Lymphocytes | May have basophilic cytoplasm and cleaved nuclei; may show evidence of asynchronous maturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm
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| Reactive Lymphocytes | Have increased basophilia in the cytoplasms; may have more abundant cytoplasm and sometimes contain a larger and more convoluted nucleus; also referred to as immunocytes
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| Smudge Cells | Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured; sometimes called basket cells
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| Karyolysis | Degenerative change to the nucleus that is characterized by the dissolution of the nuclear neutrophils
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| Pyknosis | Refers to the condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies
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| Karyorrhexis | Refers to the fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death (apoptosis)
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| Rouleaux Formation | Involves the grouping of erythrocytes in stacks
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| Autoagglutination | Occurs in immune-mediated disorders in which antibody coats the erythrocyte, which results in the bridging and clumping of red blood cells
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| Anisocytosis | Variation in the size of red blood cells
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| Hypochromasia | Decreased staining intensity caused by an insufficient amount of hemoglobin within the cell
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| Anulocytes | Bowl-shaped cells
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| Torocytes | "Punched-out" cells
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| Poikilocytosis | Should only be used when morphologic abnormalities can be described with more specific terms (poikilocytes are abnormally shaped erythrocytes)
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| Schistocytes | Red blood cell fragments; formed as a result of the shearing of the red blood cell via intravascular trauma
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| Acanthocytes | Irregular, speculated red blood cells with a few unevenly distributed surface projections of variable length and diameter; also called spur cells
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| Echinocytes | Spiculated cells with numerous short, evenly spaced blunt to sharp surface projections of uniform size and shape; also called burr cells
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| Drepanocytes | Believed to be an in vitro phenomenon caused by high oxygen tension; also called sickle cells
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| Target Cells or Codocytes | Leptocytes with a central area of pigment surrounded by a lear area and then a dense ring of peripheral cytoplasm
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| Daryocytes | teardrop-shaped cells seen with myelofibrosis and other myeloproliferative diseases
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| Basophilic Stippling | The presence of small, dark-blue bodies within the erythrocyte
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| Howell-Jolly Bodies | Basophilic nuclear remnants that are seen in young erythrocytes during the response to anemia
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| Heinze Bodies | round structures that represent denatured hemoglobin and are caused by certain oxidant drugs or chemicals
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| Reticulocytes | Immature erythrocytes that contain organelles that are lost as the cells mature
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| What are they types of needles that can be used for bone marrow collection? | Rosenthal, Illinois sternal, and jamshidi
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| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | The rate at which erythrocytes will fall in their own plasma
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| Hypercellular | Increased cellularity
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| Hypocellular | Decreased cellularity
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| Aplasia | Less than 25% myeloid cells
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| Basophilic Hyperplasia | Basophilia in bone marrow and peripheral blood
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| Dyserythropoiesis | Abnormal erythrocyte maturation
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| Dysgranulopoiesis (Dysmyelopoiesis) | Abnormal granulocyte maturation
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| Dysmegakaryopoiesis (Dysthrombopoiesis) | Abnormal megakaryocytic or thrombocyte maturation
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| Eosinophilic Hyperplasia | Eosinophilia in bone marrow and peripheral blood
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| Erythroid Hyperplasia | Normal or increased cellularity with a normal or increased absolute neutrophil count and a low M:E ratio
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| Erythroid Hypoplasia | Normal or decreased cellularity with a normal or decreased absolute neutrophil could and a high M:E ratio
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| Granulocytic Hyperplasia | Normal or increased cellularity with a normal or increased PCV and a high M:E ratio
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| Hyperostosis | Thickening of cortical bone
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| Hypocellular | Decrease in overall cellularity
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| Megakaryocytic Emperipolesis | Presence of intact, viable blood cells within the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes
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| Megakaryocytic Hyperplasia | Increase in numbers of megakaryocytic in bone marrow
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| Monocytic Hyperplasia | Increased presence of precursor cells of the monocyte series
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| Myelodysplasia | Atypical cells with less than 30% blast cells present
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| Myelofibrosis | Increased presence of fibrous tissue that displaces hematopoietic tissue
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| Neoplasia | Atypical cells with more than 30% blast cells present
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| Neutrophilic Hyperplasia, Effective | Neutrophilia in bone marrow and peripheral blood
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| Neutrophilic Hyperplasia, Ineffective | Neutrophilia in bone marrow concurrent with neutropenia in peripheral blood
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| Ostersclerosis | Thickening of trabecular bone
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| Reactive Macrophage Hyperplasia | Increased presence of active macrophages, often containing phagocytized material
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| Fibrinous Inflammation | Involves the infiltration of the bone marrow with fibrin exudate without the presence of inflammatory cells
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| Chronic Inflammation | A hyperplastic condition characterized by increased numbers of plasma cells, mature lymphocytes, and mast cells
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| Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation | Characterized by increased numbers of macrophages
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| Chronic Pyogranulomatous Inflammation | When both macrophages and neutrophils are present
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| Microparticles | Membrane-bound cytoplasmic fragments that are released from platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells that serve to increase the surface area on which coagulation complexes can form
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| Phosphatidylserine (PS) | Acts as a binding site for the complexes of the coagulation cascade, which activates Factor X and Factor II
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| Thrombocytopenia | A decrease in the circulating platelet mass; the most common coagulation disorder in small animal veterinary medicine
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| Thrombocytosis | An increase in the circulating platelet mass
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| Thrombopathia | Refers to abnormal platelet function
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| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) | The mathematical average of the size of individual platelets counted by the analyzer
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| Plateletcrit (PCT) | A measure of the percentage of the total blood volume that is comprised of platelets
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| Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) | Assesses variations in the size of the platelets
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| Platelet-Large Cell Ratio (P-LCR) | A measure of the percentage of platelets that are larger than normal
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| Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time (BMBT) | A primary assay for the detection of abnormalities in platelet function
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| Activated Clotting Time (ACT) | Can evaluate every clinically significant clotting factor except factor VII
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| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) | Evaluates the intrinsic and common clotting mechanisms
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| Prothrombin Time Test (PT) | Evaluates the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways; also known as one-stage prothrombin time tests (OSPT)
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| Clot Retraction Test | Allows for the evaluation of platelet number and function and of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
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| PIVKA | Refers to proteins that are induced (invoked) by the absence of vitamin K
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| What is the most common inherited coagulation factor deficiency in dogs? | Hemophilia A - factor VIII
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| Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) | The most common inherited coagulation disorder of domestic animals
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| Reference Ranges | Normal values; a range of values that have been derived when a laboratory has repeatedly assayed samples from a significant number of clinically normal animals of a given species via specific test methods
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| Spectrophotometers | Designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through a solution
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| Beer's Law | States that a direct linear relationship exists between the concentration of an analyze and light absorption when monochromatic light is passed through the sample
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| Hyperproteinemia | Elevated total protein concentrations (commonly seen in dehydrated animals)
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| Hypoproteinemia | Decreased total protein concentrations (commonly seen in over hydrated animals)
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| Acute-Phase Proteins | Primarily produced by hepatocytes immediately following injury or inflammation
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| Uric Acid | A metabolic by-product of nitrogen catabolism; found mainly in the liver.
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| Fractional Clearance/Excretion of Electrolytes | A mathematical manipulation that describes the excretion of specific electrolytes relative to the GFR
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| Enzymuria | Refers to the presence of enzymes in the urine; includes urinary GGT and urinary N-acetyl-B-d-glucosaminidase (NAG)
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| Electrolytes | The negative ions and positive ions of elements that are found in all body fluids of all organisms
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| Anions | Negative ions
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| Cations | Positive ions
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| Acid-Base Balance | Refers to the steady state of the pH of the body
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| Acidosis | When the pH of body fluids is less than 7.3; characterized by excess hydrogen ions
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| Alkalosis | When the pH of body fluids is more than 7.4; characterized by a low hydrogen ion concentration
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| Buffers | Substances that can alter the hydrogen ion concentration
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| Hypercapnia | An increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood
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| Hypocapnia | A subsequent decrease in PCO2 in the blood
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| Base Excess | The amount of strong acid or base that is required to titrate 1 L of blood to a pH of 7.4 at 37° C while the PCO2 is held constant at 40 mm Hg
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| Hypernatremia | Elevated blood level of sodium
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| Hyponatremia | Decreased blood level of sodium
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| Hyperkalemia | Elevated plasma potassium levels
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| Hypokalemia | Decreased plasma potassium levels
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| Anion Gap | Any difference between the total positive charges and the total negative charges
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| Lactate (Lactic Acid) | Produced by anaerobic cellular metabolism; its presence does not indicate a specific disease
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| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | A hormone that stimulates adrenocortical growth and secretion, particularly of glucocorticoid-synthesizing tissue
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| Cortisol | The major hormone that is released in domestic mammals
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| ACTH Stimulation Test | Evaluates the degree of adrenal gland response to the administration of exogenous ACTH
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| Dexamethasone Suppression Tests | Evaluates adrenal glands differently by using the adrenal feedback loops
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| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Enhances thyroid growth, function, and thyroxine release
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| Thyroxine | Completes the regulatory cycle by inhibiting TRF and TSH release
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| Melena | Black feces
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| Hematochezia | The passage of fresh blood, usually in/with stool
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| Plumbism | Lead poisoning
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| Antigens | Any substances that are capable of generating a response from the immune system
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| Inflammatory Response | A response to infection or tissue injury
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| Opsonization | Refers to the binding of complement to the antigen
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| Avidity | Refers to the strength of the binding of antigen and antibody and is partly the result of the affinity of the IgM for the specific antigen
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| Blood Group Antigens | Specific surface markers in an individual animal that are genetically determined
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| Alloantibodies | Naturally occurring antibodies (can be seen in cats, cattle, sheep, and pigs)
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| Urticaria | Hives
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| Wheals | A raised, itchy (pruritic) area of skin that is sometimes an overt sign of allergy; sometimes called a welt or hive
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| Angioedema | Edema/swelling of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues
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| Coombs Test | Detects the presence of inappropriate antibodies (antibodies against the body's own tissues)
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | The most familiar version of a molecular diagnostic test; it detects the DNA segment of interest in the specimen submitted and amplifies its amount
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| Atopy | Allergies
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| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) | A condition that causes the destruction of red blood cells by the host itself
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| Lymphoma | A type of tumor characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes
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