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Clinical Pathology 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hematopoiesis | Refers to the production of blood cells and platelets |
| Thrombocytes | Another term for platelets |
| Erythropoiesis | The production of erythrocytes |
| Leukopoiesis | The production of leukocytes |
| Thrombopoiesis | The production of platelets |
| Pluripotent Stem Cells | Stem cells that are capable of developing into various types of cells (like any blood cells) |
| Cytokine | A development pathway that is determined by interactions with chemical messengers (in relation to pluripotent stem cells) |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | Primary cytokine responsible for red blood cell production |
| -penia | Refers to a decreased number of cells in the blood |
| Neutropenia | Decreased number of neutrophils |
| Lymphopenia | Decreased number of lymphocytes |
| Pancytopenia | Decreased numbers of all blood cell types |
| -philia or -cytosis | Refers to an increased number of cells in the blood |
| Neutrophilia | Increased number of neutrophils |
| Leukocytosis | Increased number of leukocytes |
| Left Shift | Refers to an increased number of immature neutrophils |
| Leukemia | Neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow; is often described with terms like leukemic, subleukemic, or aleukemic to indicate the tendency for neoplastic cells to be released in the blood |
| Leukemoid Response | Conditions that can be mistaken for leukemia; characterized by leukocytosis and is usually the result of an inflammatory disease |
| Anticoagulant | Prevents or delays the clotting of blood |
| Plasma | The fluid portion of whole blood in which cells are suspended; roughly 90% water and 10% dissolved constituents (like proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones...) |
| Serum | Plasma from which fibrinogen, a plasma protein, has been removed; when blood clots, the fluid that is squeezed out around the cellular clot is serum |
| Polycythemia | An increased number of circulating red blood cells; accompanied by an increased packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration |
| Anemia | A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, usually as a result of decreased numbers of circulating red blood cells |
| Buffy Coat | A whitish-gray layer that sits just above the red blood cell layer in a microhematocrit tube after centrifugation; consists of white blood cells and platelets |
| Lipemic | Used to describe cloudy serum |
| Icteric | Used to describe plasma that has a deep yellow color; seen in animals with liver disease or hemolytic anemia |
| Hemoglobin | The functional unit of the erythrocyte |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen |
| What are the 3 erythrocyte indices? | Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). |
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) | The measure of the average size of the erythrocytes |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) | The mean weight of hemoglobin contained in the average red blood cell |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) | The concentration of hemoglobin in the average erythrocyte (or the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume in which it is contained) |
| Megathrombocytes | Unusually large platelets |
| Pelger-Huet Anomaly | A congenital hereditary defect that is characterized by the hyposegmentation of all granulocyte nuclei |
| Macrocytosis | A mean corpuscular volume greater than 100 fL |
| Toxic Granulation | Intensely stained primary granules |
| Atypical Lymphocytes | May have basophilic cytoplasm and cleaved nuclei; may show evidence of asynchronous maturation of the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Reactive Lymphocytes | Have increased basophilia in the cytoplasms; may have more abundant cytoplasm and sometimes contain a larger and more convoluted nucleus; also referred to as immunocytes |
| Smudge Cells | Degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured; sometimes called basket cells |
| Karyolysis | Degenerative change to the nucleus that is characterized by the dissolution of the nuclear neutrophils |
| Pyknosis | Refers to the condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies |
| Karyorrhexis | Refers to the fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death (apoptosis) |
| Rouleaux Formation | Involves the grouping of erythrocytes in stacks |
| Autoagglutination | Occurs in immune-mediated disorders in which antibody coats the erythrocyte, which results in the bridging and clumping of red blood cells |
| Anisocytosis | Variation in the size of red blood cells |
| Hypochromasia | Decreased staining intensity caused by an insufficient amount of hemoglobin within the cell |
| Anulocytes | Bowl-shaped cells |
| Torocytes | "Punched-out" cells |
| Poikilocytosis | Should only be used when morphologic abnormalities can be described with more specific terms (poikilocytes are abnormally shaped erythrocytes) |
| Schistocytes | Red blood cell fragments; formed as a result of the shearing of the red blood cell via intravascular trauma |
| Acanthocytes | Irregular, speculated red blood cells with a few unevenly distributed surface projections of variable length and diameter; also called spur cells |
| Echinocytes | Spiculated cells with numerous short, evenly spaced blunt to sharp surface projections of uniform size and shape; also called burr cells |
| Drepanocytes | Believed to be an in vitro phenomenon caused by high oxygen tension; also called sickle cells |
| Target Cells or Codocytes | Leptocytes with a central area of pigment surrounded by a lear area and then a dense ring of peripheral cytoplasm |
| Daryocytes | teardrop-shaped cells seen with myelofibrosis and other myeloproliferative diseases |
| Basophilic Stippling | The presence of small, dark-blue bodies within the erythrocyte |
| Howell-Jolly Bodies | Basophilic nuclear remnants that are seen in young erythrocytes during the response to anemia |
| Heinze Bodies | round structures that represent denatured hemoglobin and are caused by certain oxidant drugs or chemicals |
| Reticulocytes | Immature erythrocytes that contain organelles that are lost as the cells mature |
| What are they types of needles that can be used for bone marrow collection? | Rosenthal, Illinois sternal, and jamshidi |
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate | The rate at which erythrocytes will fall in their own plasma |
| Hypercellular | Increased cellularity |
| Hypocellular | Decreased cellularity |
| Aplasia | Less than 25% myeloid cells |
| Basophilic Hyperplasia | Basophilia in bone marrow and peripheral blood |
| Dyserythropoiesis | Abnormal erythrocyte maturation |
| Dysgranulopoiesis (Dysmyelopoiesis) | Abnormal granulocyte maturation |
| Dysmegakaryopoiesis (Dysthrombopoiesis) | Abnormal megakaryocytic or thrombocyte maturation |
| Eosinophilic Hyperplasia | Eosinophilia in bone marrow and peripheral blood |
| Erythroid Hyperplasia | Normal or increased cellularity with a normal or increased absolute neutrophil count and a low M:E ratio |
| Erythroid Hypoplasia | Normal or decreased cellularity with a normal or decreased absolute neutrophil could and a high M:E ratio |
| Granulocytic Hyperplasia | Normal or increased cellularity with a normal or increased PCV and a high M:E ratio |
| Hyperostosis | Thickening of cortical bone |
| Hypocellular | Decrease in overall cellularity |
| Megakaryocytic Emperipolesis | Presence of intact, viable blood cells within the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes |
| Megakaryocytic Hyperplasia | Increase in numbers of megakaryocytic in bone marrow |
| Monocytic Hyperplasia | Increased presence of precursor cells of the monocyte series |
| Myelodysplasia | Atypical cells with less than 30% blast cells present |
| Myelofibrosis | Increased presence of fibrous tissue that displaces hematopoietic tissue |
| Neoplasia | Atypical cells with more than 30% blast cells present |
| Neutrophilic Hyperplasia, Effective | Neutrophilia in bone marrow and peripheral blood |
| Neutrophilic Hyperplasia, Ineffective | Neutrophilia in bone marrow concurrent with neutropenia in peripheral blood |
| Ostersclerosis | Thickening of trabecular bone |
| Reactive Macrophage Hyperplasia | Increased presence of active macrophages, often containing phagocytized material |
| Fibrinous Inflammation | Involves the infiltration of the bone marrow with fibrin exudate without the presence of inflammatory cells |
| Chronic Inflammation | A hyperplastic condition characterized by increased numbers of plasma cells, mature lymphocytes, and mast cells |
| Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation | Characterized by increased numbers of macrophages |
| Chronic Pyogranulomatous Inflammation | When both macrophages and neutrophils are present |
| Microparticles | Membrane-bound cytoplasmic fragments that are released from platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells that serve to increase the surface area on which coagulation complexes can form |
| Phosphatidylserine (PS) | Acts as a binding site for the complexes of the coagulation cascade, which activates Factor X and Factor II |
| Thrombocytopenia | A decrease in the circulating platelet mass; the most common coagulation disorder in small animal veterinary medicine |
| Thrombocytosis | An increase in the circulating platelet mass |
| Thrombopathia | Refers to abnormal platelet function |
| Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) | The mathematical average of the size of individual platelets counted by the analyzer |
| Plateletcrit (PCT) | A measure of the percentage of the total blood volume that is comprised of platelets |
| Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) | Assesses variations in the size of the platelets |
| Platelet-Large Cell Ratio (P-LCR) | A measure of the percentage of platelets that are larger than normal |
| Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time (BMBT) | A primary assay for the detection of abnormalities in platelet function |
| Activated Clotting Time (ACT) | Can evaluate every clinically significant clotting factor except factor VII |
| Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) | Evaluates the intrinsic and common clotting mechanisms |
| Prothrombin Time Test (PT) | Evaluates the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways; also known as one-stage prothrombin time tests (OSPT) |
| Clot Retraction Test | Allows for the evaluation of platelet number and function and of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways |
| PIVKA | Refers to proteins that are induced (invoked) by the absence of vitamin K |
| What is the most common inherited coagulation factor deficiency in dogs? | Hemophilia A - factor VIII |
| Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) | The most common inherited coagulation disorder of domestic animals |
| Reference Ranges | Normal values; a range of values that have been derived when a laboratory has repeatedly assayed samples from a significant number of clinically normal animals of a given species via specific test methods |
| Spectrophotometers | Designed to measure the amount of light transmitted through a solution |
| Beer's Law | States that a direct linear relationship exists between the concentration of an analyze and light absorption when monochromatic light is passed through the sample |
| Hyperproteinemia | Elevated total protein concentrations (commonly seen in dehydrated animals) |
| Hypoproteinemia | Decreased total protein concentrations (commonly seen in over hydrated animals) |
| Acute-Phase Proteins | Primarily produced by hepatocytes immediately following injury or inflammation |
| Uric Acid | A metabolic by-product of nitrogen catabolism; found mainly in the liver. |
| Fractional Clearance/Excretion of Electrolytes | A mathematical manipulation that describes the excretion of specific electrolytes relative to the GFR |
| Enzymuria | Refers to the presence of enzymes in the urine; includes urinary GGT and urinary N-acetyl-B-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) |
| Electrolytes | The negative ions and positive ions of elements that are found in all body fluids of all organisms |
| Anions | Negative ions |
| Cations | Positive ions |
| Acid-Base Balance | Refers to the steady state of the pH of the body |
| Acidosis | When the pH of body fluids is less than 7.3; characterized by excess hydrogen ions |
| Alkalosis | When the pH of body fluids is more than 7.4; characterized by a low hydrogen ion concentration |
| Buffers | Substances that can alter the hydrogen ion concentration |
| Hypercapnia | An increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood |
| Hypocapnia | A subsequent decrease in PCO2 in the blood |
| Base Excess | The amount of strong acid or base that is required to titrate 1 L of blood to a pH of 7.4 at 37° C while the PCO2 is held constant at 40 mm Hg |
| Hypernatremia | Elevated blood level of sodium |
| Hyponatremia | Decreased blood level of sodium |
| Hyperkalemia | Elevated plasma potassium levels |
| Hypokalemia | Decreased plasma potassium levels |
| Anion Gap | Any difference between the total positive charges and the total negative charges |
| Lactate (Lactic Acid) | Produced by anaerobic cellular metabolism; its presence does not indicate a specific disease |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | A hormone that stimulates adrenocortical growth and secretion, particularly of glucocorticoid-synthesizing tissue |
| Cortisol | The major hormone that is released in domestic mammals |
| ACTH Stimulation Test | Evaluates the degree of adrenal gland response to the administration of exogenous ACTH |
| Dexamethasone Suppression Tests | Evaluates adrenal glands differently by using the adrenal feedback loops |
| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Enhances thyroid growth, function, and thyroxine release |
| Thyroxine | Completes the regulatory cycle by inhibiting TRF and TSH release |
| Melena | Black feces |
| Hematochezia | The passage of fresh blood, usually in/with stool |
| Plumbism | Lead poisoning |
| Antigens | Any substances that are capable of generating a response from the immune system |
| Inflammatory Response | A response to infection or tissue injury |
| Opsonization | Refers to the binding of complement to the antigen |
| Avidity | Refers to the strength of the binding of antigen and antibody and is partly the result of the affinity of the IgM for the specific antigen |
| Blood Group Antigens | Specific surface markers in an individual animal that are genetically determined |
| Alloantibodies | Naturally occurring antibodies (can be seen in cats, cattle, sheep, and pigs) |
| Urticaria | Hives |
| Wheals | A raised, itchy (pruritic) area of skin that is sometimes an overt sign of allergy; sometimes called a welt or hive |
| Angioedema | Edema/swelling of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues |
| Coombs Test | Detects the presence of inappropriate antibodies (antibodies against the body's own tissues) |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | The most familiar version of a molecular diagnostic test; it detects the DNA segment of interest in the specimen submitted and amplifies its amount |
| Atopy | Allergies |
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) | A condition that causes the destruction of red blood cells by the host itself |
| Lymphoma | A type of tumor characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes |
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