Quiz Question Review (#1, 2, 3, 4)
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| Which of the following parts of the body should be sterile (free of microbes) in a healthy animal? | Brain and spinal cord, Urinary bladder, lower respiratory system, prostate, kidneys, joints
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| Which of the following parts of the body have normal flora? | Small intestine, nasal passages, skin
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| Bacteria are prokaryotic-meaning they have a nucleus. | False
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| Anaerobic bacteria grow well in the presence of oxygen. | False
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| Samples collected for bacterial culture should be immediately placed in the refrigerator. | False
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| In order to obtain a urine sample with the least chance of having contamination with normal flora which is the best way? | Urine culture by cystocentesis
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| Transport Media | General nutrient agar for most bacteria types
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| Selective Media | Encourages growth of a specific bacterial type
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| Differential Media | Helps identify specific species activity or color change
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| Enrichment Media | Extra nutrients added to help certain fastidious bacteria
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| Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall which allows them to retain more crystal violet stain. | True
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| Thicker layer in the cell wall of gram positive bacteria is called: | peptidoglycan
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| MacConkey agar plates contain bile salts that do not allow the growth of gram (+) bacteria and have a color change for bacterial colonies that ferment lactose which means they are what kind of media? | Selective and Differential
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| What happens to a MacConkey agar plate that has bacterial colonies which ferment lactose on it? | Its color changes to pink
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| When performing a catalase test, what does a positive reaction look like? | It bubbles. (peroxide?)
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| Briefly describe how the catalase test is performed AND which groups of bacteria it is used to differentiate. | Colony collected with sterile loop. Apply to glass slide. Add drop of hydrogen peroxide and mix gently. Bubbling = positive. 0 bubbles = negative. + result -> bacteria in sample produces catalase. staphylococci (catalase +) streptococci (catalase -)
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| The effectiveness of an antibiotic depends on various factors. One being the antibiotic's ability to reach the site of infection. | True
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| Antibiotics that actually kill bacteria are: | bacteriocidal
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| Antibiotics that merely prevent bacteria from multiplying, so the host's immune system can overcome them: | bacteriostatic
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| Name at least 2 reasons for testing for antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria. | To determine the best antibiotic and to establish the lowest effective dose.
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| True or False- A larger zone of inhibition around one antibiotic disk always indicates more susceptibility than around another disk | False - some antibiotics diffuse within agar at difference speeds
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| True or False- A lower MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is an indication of a better antimicrobial agent. | True
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| Please name the three different types of hemolysis and describe level of hemolysis/appearance. What type of agar plate is used? | Blood agar (sheep's blood?) Beta hemolysis = complete/ see through. Alpha hemolysis = partial/appears greenish. Gamma hemolysis = 0 hemolysis apparent.
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| True or False- Each of the antibiotics pictured shows a zone of inhibition in the bacterial lawn. | False
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| Microbes are typically easier to kill when they are: | In their growth phase
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| Gram positive bacteria have a thicker cell wall that makes them more resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics than Gram negative bacteria | False
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| Disinfectants can be used on living tissue | False
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| Sterilization using ethylene oxide gas is chosen when delicate instruments, microscopes and or disposable plastic materials need to be sterilized. | True
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| Low temperature pasteurization destroys pathogens such as mycobacterium, tuberculosis, and salmonella typhi without altering the flavor of the product but does not sterilize dairy products. | True
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| Disinfectant performance is NOT affected by: | Color of the solution
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| Both isopropyl and ethanol alcohol have a rapid onset, but no residual activity. | True
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| Antiseptics can be used to sterilize skin | False
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| Standard Hydrogen peroxide is an excellent antiseptic and disinfectant | False
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| Bleach solutions are very stable and are still effective for weeks after they are made. | False
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| Autoclaving: steam applied under pressure (121oC for 15 min) is the most effective method of moist heat sterilization. However, the steam must directly contact the material to be sterilized | True
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| The ideal disinfectant has 8 characteristics. List at least 5 of those characteristics. Add to....... | Not poisonous, Not unpleasant to work with or smell,
Broad spectrum, Does not damage in animate objects, Stable
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| Place the following terms in order of bacterial resistance to disinfectants from MOST resistant to LEAST resistant | Bacterial endospores, Mycobacteria, Fungal spores, Non-enveloped viruses, Vegetative Fungi, Enveloped viruses, Vegetative bacterial cell
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| An example of vertical transmission of a disease is: | an infection acquired in the uterus
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| The relationship between microorganisms of the rumen and the host is best described as: | symbiotic
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| What are typical features of a nosocomial infection? | commonly resistant to antibiotics
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| Which areas of the body should be sterile (free of organisms) in a healthy animal. There may be more than one correct answer | prostate, kidneys
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| Microbial Antagonism is a theory that states: | normal flora protect the host from pathogenic organisms that cause disease
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| What is problematic regarding the culture of body regions that usually contain normal flora? | may lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment, usually yield many different types of microorganisms, normal flora rarely cause disease in normal locations
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| Name two bacteria virulence factors that can lead to disease in animals. add more...... | Flagella (motile), Pili (adhesion)
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| Name three host factors that can lead to increased risk for bacterial infection | 1. The very young (or un-vaccinated)
2. Senior animals over the age of 6 or 7
3. Animals with suppressed immune response
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| Transmission of leptospirosis to a human may be through direct and indirect contact from an infected animal or through the environment. | True
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| The botulism toxin from clostridium botulinum is an endotoxin that inhibits acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction causing rigid paralysis | False (exotoxin) flaccid paralysis
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| Define endotoxin.... | Lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes (LPS), responsible for making an integral part of the cell wall of Gram-Negative Bacteria and are released at the time of cell death or lysis of bacteria. They are heat stable, weakly immunogenic.
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| Define exotoxin.... | The proteins which are secreted by a few species of bacteria that get diffused into the nearby or surrounding medium. Are heat liable (inactivated or destroyed in high heat), highly antigenic.
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| Anthroponosis is a disease transmitted from an animal to a human | False
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| Name two diseases that are reportable to the local/state government in Washington. (Either the department of health for human health concerns or the state veterinarian for animal health concerns). | 1. Lyme disease
2. Anthrax
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| General characteristics of fungi include | Cell walls contain chitin. They do not contain chlorophyll. They digest food externally.
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| Dermatophyte infections are: | zoonotic
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| Hyphae | A filament or branch from which the fungus grows
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| Mycelium | The intertwined mass of hyphae that forms the mold colony
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| Conidia | Asexual spores borne externally on hyphae (flower?)
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| Yeast | No hyphae. Multiply by budding.
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| Keratinophilic | Fungi that invade hair, nails, and superficial layers of the skin
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| Dermatophyte spores are easily disinfected from an contaminated animal's environment. | False
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| Most fungal infections require weeks to months of anti-fungal medications for treatment | True
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| Coccidioides | Soil fungus of the Sonoran valley that causes lung and bone disease in dogs
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| Cryptococcus | Fungus found in soil or bird feces that can affect the ocular, respiratory, CNS, and skin systems. Particularly, in cats and koalas.
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| Microsporum | Dermatophyte that is potentially zoonotic and causes skin lesions in cats, dogs, and humans.
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| Aspergillus | Fungus that can cause respiratory signs particularly in the nasal cavity of dogs
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| Feline Leukemia Virus | Retrovirus that causes bone marrow disorders and cancer
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| Calici virus | Fever, respiratory issues and limping in cats
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| Parainfluenza | One of the viruses involved in canine "kennel cough"
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| What are 3 differences between an enveloped and non-enveloped virus AND name an example of each. |
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| What is NOT true about prion diseases? | not transmissible from animals to humans
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| Viruses are obligate extracellular parasites containing both DNA and RNA. | False (obligate intracellular parasites)
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| MIC | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
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