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Microbiology
Quiz Question Review (#1, 2, 3, 4)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following parts of the body should be sterile (free of microbes) in a healthy animal? | Brain and spinal cord, Urinary bladder, lower respiratory system, prostate, kidneys, joints |
| Which of the following parts of the body have normal flora? | Small intestine, nasal passages, skin |
| Bacteria are prokaryotic-meaning they have a nucleus. | False |
| Anaerobic bacteria grow well in the presence of oxygen. | False |
| Samples collected for bacterial culture should be immediately placed in the refrigerator. | False |
| In order to obtain a urine sample with the least chance of having contamination with normal flora which is the best way? | Urine culture by cystocentesis |
| Transport Media | General nutrient agar for most bacteria types |
| Selective Media | Encourages growth of a specific bacterial type |
| Differential Media | Helps identify specific species activity or color change |
| Enrichment Media | Extra nutrients added to help certain fastidious bacteria |
| Gram positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall which allows them to retain more crystal violet stain. | True |
| Thicker layer in the cell wall of gram positive bacteria is called: | peptidoglycan |
| MacConkey agar plates contain bile salts that do not allow the growth of gram (+) bacteria and have a color change for bacterial colonies that ferment lactose which means they are what kind of media? | Selective and Differential |
| What happens to a MacConkey agar plate that has bacterial colonies which ferment lactose on it? | Its color changes to pink |
| When performing a catalase test, what does a positive reaction look like? | It bubbles. (peroxide?) |
| Briefly describe how the catalase test is performed AND which groups of bacteria it is used to differentiate. | Colony collected with sterile loop. Apply to glass slide. Add drop of hydrogen peroxide and mix gently. Bubbling = positive. 0 bubbles = negative. + result -> bacteria in sample produces catalase. staphylococci (catalase +) streptococci (catalase -) |
| The effectiveness of an antibiotic depends on various factors. One being the antibiotic's ability to reach the site of infection. | True |
| Antibiotics that actually kill bacteria are: | bacteriocidal |
| Antibiotics that merely prevent bacteria from multiplying, so the host's immune system can overcome them: | bacteriostatic |
| Name at least 2 reasons for testing for antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria. | To determine the best antibiotic and to establish the lowest effective dose. |
| True or False- A larger zone of inhibition around one antibiotic disk always indicates more susceptibility than around another disk | False - some antibiotics diffuse within agar at difference speeds |
| True or False- A lower MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is an indication of a better antimicrobial agent. | True |
| Please name the three different types of hemolysis and describe level of hemolysis/appearance. What type of agar plate is used? | Blood agar (sheep's blood?) Beta hemolysis = complete/ see through. Alpha hemolysis = partial/appears greenish. Gamma hemolysis = 0 hemolysis apparent. |
| True or False- Each of the antibiotics pictured shows a zone of inhibition in the bacterial lawn. | False |
| Microbes are typically easier to kill when they are: | In their growth phase |
| Gram positive bacteria have a thicker cell wall that makes them more resistant to disinfectants and antiseptics than Gram negative bacteria | False |
| Disinfectants can be used on living tissue | False |
| Sterilization using ethylene oxide gas is chosen when delicate instruments, microscopes and or disposable plastic materials need to be sterilized. | True |
| Low temperature pasteurization destroys pathogens such as mycobacterium, tuberculosis, and salmonella typhi without altering the flavor of the product but does not sterilize dairy products. | True |
| Disinfectant performance is NOT affected by: | Color of the solution |
| Both isopropyl and ethanol alcohol have a rapid onset, but no residual activity. | True |
| Antiseptics can be used to sterilize skin | False |
| Standard Hydrogen peroxide is an excellent antiseptic and disinfectant | False |
| Bleach solutions are very stable and are still effective for weeks after they are made. | False |
| Autoclaving: steam applied under pressure (121oC for 15 min) is the most effective method of moist heat sterilization. However, the steam must directly contact the material to be sterilized | True |
| The ideal disinfectant has 8 characteristics. List at least 5 of those characteristics. Add to....... | Not poisonous, Not unpleasant to work with or smell, Broad spectrum, Does not damage in animate objects, Stable |
| Place the following terms in order of bacterial resistance to disinfectants from MOST resistant to LEAST resistant | Bacterial endospores, Mycobacteria, Fungal spores, Non-enveloped viruses, Vegetative Fungi, Enveloped viruses, Vegetative bacterial cell |
| An example of vertical transmission of a disease is: | an infection acquired in the uterus |
| The relationship between microorganisms of the rumen and the host is best described as: | symbiotic |
| What are typical features of a nosocomial infection? | commonly resistant to antibiotics |
| Which areas of the body should be sterile (free of organisms) in a healthy animal. There may be more than one correct answer | prostate, kidneys |
| Microbial Antagonism is a theory that states: | normal flora protect the host from pathogenic organisms that cause disease |
| What is problematic regarding the culture of body regions that usually contain normal flora? | may lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment, usually yield many different types of microorganisms, normal flora rarely cause disease in normal locations |
| Name two bacteria virulence factors that can lead to disease in animals. add more...... | Flagella (motile), Pili (adhesion) |
| Name three host factors that can lead to increased risk for bacterial infection | 1. The very young (or un-vaccinated) 2. Senior animals over the age of 6 or 7 3. Animals with suppressed immune response |
| Transmission of leptospirosis to a human may be through direct and indirect contact from an infected animal or through the environment. | True |
| The botulism toxin from clostridium botulinum is an endotoxin that inhibits acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction causing rigid paralysis | False (exotoxin) flaccid paralysis |
| Define endotoxin.... | Lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes (LPS), responsible for making an integral part of the cell wall of Gram-Negative Bacteria and are released at the time of cell death or lysis of bacteria. They are heat stable, weakly immunogenic. |
| Define exotoxin.... | The proteins which are secreted by a few species of bacteria that get diffused into the nearby or surrounding medium. Are heat liable (inactivated or destroyed in high heat), highly antigenic. |
| Anthroponosis is a disease transmitted from an animal to a human | False |
| Name two diseases that are reportable to the local/state government in Washington. (Either the department of health for human health concerns or the state veterinarian for animal health concerns). | 1. Lyme disease 2. Anthrax |
| General characteristics of fungi include | Cell walls contain chitin. They do not contain chlorophyll. They digest food externally. |
| Dermatophyte infections are: | zoonotic |
| Hyphae | A filament or branch from which the fungus grows |
| Mycelium | The intertwined mass of hyphae that forms the mold colony |
| Conidia | Asexual spores borne externally on hyphae (flower?) |
| Yeast | No hyphae. Multiply by budding. |
| Keratinophilic | Fungi that invade hair, nails, and superficial layers of the skin |
| Dermatophyte spores are easily disinfected from an contaminated animal's environment. | False |
| Most fungal infections require weeks to months of anti-fungal medications for treatment | True |
| Coccidioides | Soil fungus of the Sonoran valley that causes lung and bone disease in dogs |
| Cryptococcus | Fungus found in soil or bird feces that can affect the ocular, respiratory, CNS, and skin systems. Particularly, in cats and koalas. |
| Microsporum | Dermatophyte that is potentially zoonotic and causes skin lesions in cats, dogs, and humans. |
| Aspergillus | Fungus that can cause respiratory signs particularly in the nasal cavity of dogs |
| Feline Leukemia Virus | Retrovirus that causes bone marrow disorders and cancer |
| Calici virus | Fever, respiratory issues and limping in cats |
| Parainfluenza | One of the viruses involved in canine "kennel cough" |
| What are 3 differences between an enveloped and non-enveloped virus AND name an example of each. | |
| What is NOT true about prion diseases? | not transmissible from animals to humans |
| Viruses are obligate extracellular parasites containing both DNA and RNA. | False (obligate intracellular parasites) |
| MIC | Minimum Inhibitory Concentration |
Created by:
Raevyn1
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