Neurological System & Special Senses
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| show | The nervous system's chemical messengers.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Nerve cells. Produce neurotransmitters. Stars of the nervous system: basic fundamental units of the system.
🗑
|
||||
| synapses | show 🗑
|
||||
| central nervous system | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | consists of cordlike nerves that link the central nervous system with the rest of the body
🗑
|
||||
| neuroglia (glial cells) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus.`
🗑
|
||||
| show | receives stimuli, or impulses, from other neurons and conduct this stimulation to the cell body. (afferent processes). Can be modified into sensory receptors that receive/sense: heat, cold, touch, pressure, stretch from inside or outside the body
🗑
|
||||
| Axons | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | bundles of axons that make up cordlike nerves in the body
🗑
|
||||
| show | Appears white. Nervous tissue containing many myelinated axons is often referred to as white matter.
🗑
|
||||
| Gray matter | show 🗑
|
||||
| oligodendrocytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | myelin sheath made of the cell membranes of specialized glial cells in the outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nervous system)
🗑
|
||||
| show | small gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells enhance the speed of conduction of nerve impulses along the axon
🗑
|
||||
| show | the endocrine system uses chemical signaling hormones while the nervous system uses electrical signaling (neural impulses). The signal transmission of the nervous system is fast because neurons are interconnected, but the functions are more short-lived.
🗑
|
||||
| show | They outnumber neurons about 10 to 1 but are not directly involved in the transmission of information or impulses through the nervous system. They are important parts of the infrastructure necessary for the neurons to do their jobs.
🗑
|
||||
| Name the parts of a typical neuron | show 🗑
|
||||
| How are dendrites and axons different in structure and function? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between gray matter and white matter? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the relationship between the myelin sheath and the nodes of ranvier? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all other nervous system tissue. All sensory receptors, sensory neurons and motor neurons are part of the PNS.
🗑
|
||||
| Which are afferent nerve fibers: motor nerve fibers or sensory nerve fibers? Which are efferent? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Define autonomic and somatic nervous systems. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the CNS. Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body.
🗑
|
||||
| sensory nerve fibers | show 🗑
|
||||
| motor nerve fibers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Part of the PNS. Major functions: include voluntary movement of the muscles and organs and reflex movements. In the process of voluntary movement, sensory neurons carry impulses to the brain and the spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| show | A control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Membrane potential of a neuron. (about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) - Meaning: the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside. At rest, there are relatively more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron.
🗑
|
||||
| Sodium-potassium pump | show 🗑
|
||||
| resting membrane potential | show 🗑
|
||||
| depolarization | show 🗑
|
||||
| action potential | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The weakest stimulus that could generate an action potential in a neuron.
🗑
|
||||
| wave of depolarization | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the passive spread of depolarization to the adjacent distal region of membrane slightly depolarizes the new region, causing opening of a few voltage-gated Na+ channels and an increase in Na+ influx. At its peak.
🗑
|
||||
| nerve impulse | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | States that the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If a stimulus is above a certain threshold, a nerve or muscle fiber will fire.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation.
🗑
|
||||
| show | (from the Latin saltare, to hop or leap) is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse. Chemical synaptic transmission involves release of a neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron, and neurotransmitter binding to specific postsynaptic receptors.
🗑
|
||||
| show | the space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter
🗑
|
||||
| show | a neuron (nerve cell) that fires the neurotransmitter as a result of an action potential entering its axon terminal. In both the central and peripheral nervous systems in mammals, presynaptic terminals operate mostly in the same way.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
🗑
|
||||
| postsynaptic neuron | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the specialized presynaptic terminal at the end of an axon. Contain necessary organelles, proteins and molecules needed to transmit chemical/electrical information to the postsynaptic cell.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Contains synaptic vesicles which are filled with a neurotransmitter substance. When a nerve impulse travels down the axon and reaches the end bulb the neurotransmitter is released into a small space (synaptic cleft)
🗑
|
||||
| show | After depolarization, it undergoes one final change in internal charge. After depolarization, the open voltage-gated sodium ion channels close again. The increased positive charge within the cell causes the potassium channels to open.
🗑
|
||||
| During repolarization, what ion channels open and what ion moves? Where does it move? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What normally maintains the resting membrane potential of a neuron during the resting state? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The all-or-none law is a principle that states that the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus. If a stimulus is above a certain threshold, a nerve or muscle fiber will fire.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between the absolute and the relative refractory periods? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The myelin sheath prevents sodium ions from flowing across the neuronal cell membrane. In this way, depolarization continues from one cell to the next.
🗑
|
||||
| receptor proteins | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | types of neurotransmitters have excitatory effects on the neuron. They increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. Some of the major ones include epinephrine and norepinephrine.
🗑
|
||||
| show | types of neurotransmitters have inhibitory effects on the neuron; they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential. Some of the major ones include serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
🗑
|
||||
| acetylcholine | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | he primary enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and acetate.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a type of enzyme that helps neurons fire throughout your body. Formed in your liver and cleans up neurotransmitters in your brain once they've done their jobs. It also cleans out tyramine, a chemical that helps regulate blood pressure.
🗑
|
||||
| show | an enzyme that is involved in the degradation of catecholamine neurotransmitters like norepinephrine
🗑
|
||||
| What role do the synaptic cleft, presynaptic neuron, neurotransmitter, and post synaptic neuron play in the continuation of a depolarization wave from one nerve to another? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Neurotransmitter molecules released by the synaptic knob bind with receptors and trigger
a change in the postsynaptic cell. If not a match they will not bind. No change will occur.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory neurotransmitter? | show 🗑
|
||||
| How is acetylcholine different from acetylcholinesterase? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Catecholamines are the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine.
🗑
|
||||
| What are GABA and glycine? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Contains most of the neuron cell bodies, and appears a dark brownish-gray color. "Thinking" part of the CNS.
🗑
|
||||
| White Matter | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cerebrum | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cerebellum | show 🗑
|
||||
| Diencephalon (more primitive) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | (Midbrain, Pons and Medulla) The connection between the rest of the brain and the the spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| show | is a ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci (depressions or furrows; sulcus). Gyri and sulci create the folded appearance of the brain in humans and other mammals
🗑
|
||||
| show | each of the parts of the cerebrum of the brain. Right Hemisphere and Left Hemisphere (cerebral hemispheres) Frontal lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Cerebellum, brain stem (Midbrain, Pons and Medulla)
🗑
|
||||
| sulci (fissures) | show 🗑
|
||||
| longitudinal fissure | show 🗑
|
||||
| Thalamus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Hypothalamus | show 🗑
|
||||
| Pituitary | show 🗑
|
||||
| What part of the brain is responsible for conscious thought and perception of sensations? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the correct names for the bumps and fissures that make the cerebral cortex appear wrinkled? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What part of the brain is critical for coordination, posture, and fine motor control? How does this part of the brain accomplish these responsibilities? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What part of the brain serves as a relay station for impulses going to and from the cerebrum? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Brainstem. But the medulla oblongata control many functions of the digestive, cardiovascular, pulmonary, reproductive and urinary systems. The vagus nerve (both sensory and motor fibers) supplies sensory input to these centers through its afferent fibers.
🗑
|
||||
| Meninges | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord. It is produced by specialized ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations.
🗑
|
||||
| blood-brain barrier | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Found in some tissues where there is extensive molecular exchange with the blood such as the small intestine, endocrine glands and kidneys. They are pores that allow larger molecules through. More permeable than continuous capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| show | a diagnostic imaging test generally done by a radiologist. It uses a contrast dye and X-rays or computed tomography (CT) to look for problems in the spinal canal. Problems can develop in the spinal cord, nerve roots, and other tissues.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Meninges (from the Greek word for membrane). The outermost layer is the dura mater (Latin for “hard mother”). As the Latin name suggests, the primary function for this thick layer is to protect the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| What helps keep dangerous poisons and certain drugs from leaving the blood and entering the brain? Describe this structure. | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the 12 cranial nerves? Which nerves are motor, which are sensory, and which are both? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
🗑
|
||||
| show | one of two "roots" which emerge from the spinal cord. It emerges directly from the spinal cord, and travels to the dorsal root ganglion. Transmits sensory information, forming the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve.
🗑
|
||||
| show | or anterior root is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a longitudinal subdivision of gray matter in the dorsal part of each lateral half of the spinal cord that receives terminals from some afferent fibers of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves.
🗑
|
||||
| ventral horns | show 🗑
|
||||
| sympathetic nervous system (SNS) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | is one of three divisions of the autonomic nervous system. It conserves energy as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. (Rest and Digest)
🗑
|
||||
| show | sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system influences the various organ systems of the body through connections emerging from the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| show | consists of the membranes and fluid that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord, as well as the attached bones. Because it enhances the body's natural healing processes CST is increasingly used as a preventive health measure.
🗑
|
||||
| autonomic ganglion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | originates in the brainstem or the spinal cord, and the second set, called ganglion cells or postganglionic neurons, lies outside the central nervous system in collections of nerve cells called autonomic ganglia
🗑
|
||||
| postganglionic neuron | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The bilaterally symmetric sympathetic chain ganglia, also called the paravertebral ganglia, are located just ventral and lateral to the spinal cord. The chain extends from the upper neck down to the coccyx, forming the unpaired coccygeal ganglion.
🗑
|
||||
| cranial nerve nucleus | show 🗑
|
||||
| sympathetic nervous system (nerve locations) | show 🗑
|
||||
| parasympathetic nervous system (nerve locations) | show 🗑
|
||||
| cholinergic neurons | show 🗑
|
||||
| cholinergic receptors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs as the agonist nicotine. These receptors are considered cholinergic receptors, since they respond to acetylcholine.
🗑
|
||||
| show | are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. They are so named because they are more sensitive to muscarine than to nicotine.
🗑
|
||||
| show | are one of the two types of reflex arcs, and specifically involve the skeletal muscles. They are unlearned muscle reflexes that are mediated by the brainstem and spinal cord.
🗑
|
||||
| show | are unconscious motor reflexes relayed from the organs and glands to the CNS through visceral afferent signaling.
🗑
|
||||
| reflex arc | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nerve cells in the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from an organism's environment to internal electrical impulses. Some of these neurons respond to tactile stimuli and can activate motor neurons to achieve muscle contraction.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle. It is a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. When a muscle lengthens, the muscle spindle is stretched and its nerve activity increases.
🗑
|
||||
| show | is a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli. It is a polysynaptic reflex, causing stimulation of sensory, association, and motor neurons
🗑
|
||||
| extensor reflex | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | are stretch receptors within the body of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers.
🗑
|
||||
| show | elicited by touching either the periocular skin (palpebral) or the cornea (corneal). This reflex is important to protecting the eye, and interference with it (facial paralysis, trigeminal palsy, local anesthesia) often results in severe ocular damage.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Normally when a light is shone into one eye it will cause both pupils to constrict.
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
Raevyn1
Popular Veterinary sets