311.2 Vet nursing The nursing process and clinical exams
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| How is the medical model orientated? | Disease orientated
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| How is the nursing process orientated? | Patient orientated
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| What are the steps of the nursing process | Assessment->Nursing diagnosis->Planning->Implementation->Evaluation
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| What is assessment in the nursing process? | Establish individual needs of patient, find out info on normal behaviour
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| What is nursing diagnosis in the nursing process? | Find out what the patient needs for the best nursing care
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| What is planning in the nursing process? | Make plans to overcome the nursing problems identified and set goals
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| What is implementation in the nursing process? | Follow the set plan, making sure to record steps on patient sheets
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| What is evaluation in the nursing process? | Make sure the plan is working, that goals are met and the problems have been solved
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| What are the 3 nursing models? | The ability model, The Orem model and The Roper, Logan and Tierney model
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| Which nursing model has the 10 abilities? | The Orpet and Jeffery ability model
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| What are the 10 abilities? | Eat, drink, pee, poo, breathe, body temp, groom, move, sleep and express normal behaviour
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| Which nursing models take lifespan as a continuous factor? | The ability model and the Roper, Logan and Tierney model
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| Which nursing model includes conception? | The Orem model
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| Which nursing model includes the 8 universal self-care requisites? | The Orem model
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| What are the 8 universal self-care requisites? | Breathe, drink, eat, eliminate waste, balance activity and rest, balance social interaction, prevent hazards, behave normally
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| Which nursing model includes the 12 activities of living? | The Roper, Logan and Tierney model
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| What are the 12 activities of living? | Stay safe, communicate, eat and drink, eliminate waste, breathe, groom, body temp, move, work and play, express sexuality, sleep, die
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| Which nursing model looks at the dependence/independence continuum? | The Roper, Logan and Tierney model
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| What are the 5 factors influencing the activities of living? | Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural, Environmental, Politicoeconomic
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| What are the 5 components of the Roper, Logan and Tierney model? | Activities of living, Lifespan, Factors affecting activities, Dependence/independence, Individuality of living
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| What is one of the most important jobs of the veterinary nurse? | Careful observation and assessment of patients
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| What must vet nurses be able to do? | Recognise normal and abnormal appearance and behaviour patterns of those in their care
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| What does a nursing model provide the nurse with, particularly at the assessment stage? | Information on the normal or ideal state of the patient
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| How does carrying out an assessment impact on the nursing care of the patient? | More specific to the patient and ability to not miss out on important info
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| What is the SOAP method? | Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Planning
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| How should the patient be observed at first? | From afar and immediately on their entrance to the surgery
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| How can we promote normal patient behaviour in practice? | Pheromones, animals in best kennels for purpose, nurse consults for socialisation, towels to cover cages, sedation, home visits
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| What is meant by assessment of patient mentation? | How the patient might be feeling, their mental state such as scared, tired, etc.
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| What are 3 important measures of the body's function? | Temperature, pulse and respiration
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| What are TPR also know as? | Clinical parameters
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| What is useful about TPR? | Easy to measure and monitor throughout treatment
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| Normal temperature range of the dog? | 38.3-39.2oC
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| Normal temperature range of the cat? | 38.2-38.6oC
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| Normal temperature range of the horse? | 37.2-38.9oC
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| Normal temperature range of the rabbit? | 38.5-40oC
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| What is another word for fever? | Pyrexia
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| What might cause pyrexia? | Drug reaction, Infection, Neoplasia
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| What might cause hyperthermia? | Hot room, Heat stroke, Stress, Exercise, Seizure activity
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| What might cause hypothermia? | Anaesthesia, Drug reactions, Environment, Illness
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| What is a diphasic temperature? | One which is fluctuating
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| What colour should the mucus membranes be? | Pink, paler in cats
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| What might a pale MM signify? | Poor perfusion, circulatory collapse, haemorrhage, anaemia
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| What might blue/purple MM signify? | Insufficient transport of oxygen to the body tissues. Respiratory obstruction or dyspnoea
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| What is blue/purple tinged MM also called? | Cyanotic
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| What might yellow MM signify? | May be due to liver disease, bile flow obstruction or an increase in RBC destruction. In foals can be due to neonatal isoerytholysis
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| What is yellow tinged MM also called? | Icterus/jaundiced
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| What might a dark MM signify? | Sepsis, fever, congestion, extensive tissue damage or excitement
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| What might cherry red MM signify? | Carbon-monoxide poisoning
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| What might orange MM signify? | Administration of synthetic haemoglobin products
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| What might chocolate brown MM signify? | Paracetamol poisoning in dogs and cats
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| What is neonatal isoerythrolysis? | Incompatibility of blood types between the mare and foal
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| What are petechiae? | Pinpoint red haemorrhages on the mucosa.
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| What might petechiae signify? | Blood clotting disorders such as von Willibrand's or animals poisoned with anti-coagulant rodenticides
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| What is the CRT? | Capillary refill time. The time it takes for full colour to return to the mucosa
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| What is a normal CRT? | 1-2 seconds
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| What may an increased CRT indicate? | Dehydration, Heart failure, Shock, Hypovolaemia
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| What might a decreased CRT indicate? | Severe sepsis or fever
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| What are the 5 common pulse points in dogs and cats? | Sub-lingual, carpal, coccygeal, femoral and dorsal metatarsal
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| Where is the sub-lingual pulse found? | Ventral aspect of the tongue
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| Where is the carpal pulse found? | Palmar aspect of the carpus
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| Where is the coccygeal pulse found? | Proximal ventral aspect of the tail
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| Where is the femoral pulse found? | Medial aspect of the femur
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| Where is the dorsal metatarsal pulse found? | Medial aspect of the tarsus
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| 4 common pulse points in the horse? | Ventral ramus of the mandible, Transverse facial artery, Palmar digital arteries, Radial artery
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| 3 important factors to consider when taking the pulse? | Pace, rhythm, character
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| 7 reasons for a tachycardia? | fever, fear, exercise, pain, hypoxia, hypovolaemia, drug reaction
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| 4 reasons for bradycardia? | Unconsciousness, sleep, anaesthesia, very fit
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| 2 reasons for a weak pulse? | hypovolaemia, diminished cardiac output
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| 2 reasons for a strong, jerky pulse? | Valvular insufficiency, congenital heart defects (patent ductus arteriosus)
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| On double sided stethoscopes the flat diaphragm is for what? | High-frequency sounds such as the heartbeat
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| On double sided stethoscopes the curved diaphragm is for what? | Lower-frequency sounds such as the lungs
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| Single sided stethoscopes rely on what to change pitch detection? | Pressure
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| Light pressure on a single sided stethoscope will detect what? | Low pitched sounds
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| Firm pressure on a single sided stethoscope will detect what? | High pitched sounds
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| Where should you listen for the optimum heart sounds? | Between the 3rd and 6th ribs on the left side
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| What should the heart rate be for a dog? | 70-140bpm
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| What should the heart rate be for a cat? | 100-200bpm
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| What should the heart rate be for a horse? | 30-40bpm
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| What should the heart rate be for a rabbit? | 130-325bpm
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| Why should respiration be measured first when doing TPR? | If patient is not breathing intervention is required. Temp is measured last to stress patient less
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| What is dyspnoea? | Difficulty breathing
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| What is apnoea? | Stop breathing
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| What is tachypnoea? | Fast breathing
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| What is hypopnoea? | Shallow breathing, reduced lung filling
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| What is bradypnoea? | Slow breathing
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| What is orthopnoea? | Dyspnoea that is relieved by adopting an upright position. Extends the head and neck and pushes out the shoulders to give the most space to breath.
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| What is Cheyne-Sokes respiration? | Deep convulsive breaths at infrequent intervals, also called agonal breathing. At death.
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| What is stridor/stertor? | Loud/noisy breathing
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| What is the normal resp rate for a dog? | 10-30rpm
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| What is the normal resp rate for a cat? | 20-30rpm
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| What is the normal resp rate for a horse? | 12-20rpm
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| What is the normal resp rate for a rabbit? | 30-60rpm
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| What does a blood pressure measurement provide? | Info about cardiovascular function. Indirect measurement of cardiac output and tissue blood flow
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| What is hypotension? | Low blood pressure
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| Why is hypotension bad? | Increased glucose demand, O2 demand and cardiac work which leads to tissue and organ damage.
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| What is systolic BP? | Peak pressure. Towards the end of the cardiac cycle when ventricles are contracting.
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| Normal systolic BP? | 90-120 mmHg
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| What is diastolic BP? | Minimum pressure. Beginning of the cardiac cycle as ventricles fill with blood.
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| Normal diastolic BP? | 55-90 mmHg
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| What is the gold standard method of measuring BP? | Direct arterial blood pressure measurement (arterial catheter)
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| How can the wrong size BP cuff affect the results? | Loose cuff- lower readings, Tight cuff- higher readings
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