Hematology, RBC morphology
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| Acanthocyte | irregularly spiculated, spur cells, may occur in cats with hepatic lipidosis, occasionally in dogs with liver disease.
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| NRBC | nucleated red blood cells, normal in avians and reptiles, early release of immature cells (anemia) in dogs or cats.
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| Schistocyte | fragmented RBCs, intravascular trauma, DIC, or iron deficiency.
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| Stomatocyte | central pallor is slit-like, may be artifactual, associated with anemias, liver disease.
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| Crenated RBC | shriveled RBC, spiculated, may occur with too much EDTA, slow drying of blood film.
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| Rouleaux formation | stacked coin appearance, normal in horses, may be artifactual if blood is held too long or refrigerated.
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| Heinz bodies | rounded projections, stain pale with wright's stain, <5% is normal in cats, increased with lymphosarcoma, hyperthyroidism, and diabetes mellitus in cats.
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| Howell-jolly bodies | stain as blue dots, related to splenic removal or disorder.
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| Echinocyte | regularly spiculated, artifactual, associated with slow drying of blood films or too much EDTA, may be associated with renal disease and lymphosarcoma in dogs.
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| Basophilic stippling | presence of small, dark blue dots, usually characteristic of lead poisoning in dogs
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| Agglutination | clumping formation, occurs in immune-mediated disorders
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