Anatomical Parts of the Respiratory System
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| vertebral column | composed of vertebral segments combined to form a strong but flexible column; the structure from which the entire thorax is suspended, doubles as a conduit for the spinal cord
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| spinal column | provides the points of attachment for numerous muscles by means of various processes; houses the spinal cord, with spinal nerves emerging and entering the spinal cord through spaces between the vertebrae
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| Five divisions of the vertebral column | cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
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| pelvic girdle | part of bony thorax; located at the base of the vertebral column; structure that attaches legs to the vertebral column
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| pectoral girdle | part of bony thorax; permits attachment of upper extremities to the vertebra column; comprised of the scapula and clavicle
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| scapula | part of pectoral girdle (which is part of bony thorax); shoulder blade
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| clavicle | also, “collarbone,” part of pectoral girdle (which is part of bony thorax); provides the anterior support for the shoulder
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| sternum | part of bony thorax; “breastbone;” anterior place of attachment for the ribs
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| bony thorax | comprised of the pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle), the sternum, the ribs and their attachments to the vertebral column, and the pelvic girdle; the cavity in which the lungs are located
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| trachea | part of visceral thorax; provides communication between the external and internal environments; part of the bronchial passageway
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| carina | site of the first bifurcation of the trachea into the two mainstem bronchi
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| esophagus | a long collapsed tube running behind and adjacent to the trachea; provides the conduit to the digestive system
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| esophagus | retains its collapsed condition except when occupied by a bolus of food; passageway through which a bolus of food is propelled by gravity and peristaltic contractions to the stomach
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| bronchial tree | characterized by increasingly smaller tubes as one progresses into the depths of the lungs
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| terminal bronchiole | final tube in the bronchial tree; end tube; smaller than 1 mm in diameter; location of alveoli
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| alveoli | minute air sacs located deep within the lungs; where gas exchange happens; characterized by extremely thin membrane which is permeable to both oxygen and carbon dioxide given proper circumstances
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| alveolus | also, air sac; the point where carbon dioxide is translated out of the blood stream and oxygen is translated into the bloodstream; has extremely thin wall which promotes rapid transfer of gas across the membrane
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| surfactant | produced by some cells; a substance which reduces the surface tension to keep the alveoli from collapsing during respiration
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| pleural lining | provides a mechanism for translating the force of thorax enlargement into inspiration
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| Two types of pleural linings | visceral (covering the lungs) and parietal (covering other structures)
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| Types of parietal pleurae | thoracic, mediastinal, pericardial, diaphragmatic, costal, apical
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| pleurisy | a condition in which the pleural linings of the thoracic cavity are inflamed or lack of lubricants
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| diaphragm | primary muscle of respiration; takes the form of an inverted bowl; striated muscles; has attachments along the lower margin of the rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column
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| abdominal aponeurosis | sheet-like tendon that comprises the central tendon of the diaphragm
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