Veterinary Medical Terminology
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| Respiratory system | system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells
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| Respiration | diffusion of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the cells of the body
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| Ventilation | the intake of fresh air
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| Upper respiratory tract | consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx (link to the outside and are lined with mucous membranes that may or may not have cilia)
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| Lower respiratory tract | consists of the trachea, Lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)
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| Nas/o, Rhin/o | meaning "nose"
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| Snout | the nose of swine, given a different name because of it's rigidity and overall difference to other noses
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| Nostrils (Nares) | paired external openings of the respiratory tract
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| Endotherms | warm blooded animals
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| Nasal turbinates (conchae) | scroll-like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes. They warm, humidify, and filter the air
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| Meatus | dorsal and ventral Nasal turbinates that separate the nasal cavity into passages. passages are named by location
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| Meat/o | meaning "opening or passageway"
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| Nasogastric tube | tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach. places through the ventral nasal meatus
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| Cer/o | meaning "horn"
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| Vestibule | the rostral part of the nostrils and the nasal cavity
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| Sept/o | meaning "partition" (the nose is divided by a wall of cartilage called a septum)
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| Mucous membrane | specialized epithelial tissue that lines the respiratory system.
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| Mucus | slime like substance that is composed of glandular secretions, salts, cells, and leukocytes, secretion of the mucous membranes. helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the nose
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| Cilia | thin hairs located inside the nostril that filter air to remove debris
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| Olfactory receptors | responsible for sense of smell, nerve endings located in the mucus membranes of the nasal cavity
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| Olfact/o | meaning "smell"
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| Tonsils | lymphatic tissue that protects the nasal cavity and proximal throat
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| Tonsill/o | meaning "tonsils"
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| Sinus | an air filled or fluid filled space in bone that have mucus membrane linings. they provide mucus, make bone lighter, and help produce sound
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| Sinus/o | meaning "sinus"
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| Pharynx | commonly called the throat. the common passageway for the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. it extends from the caudal part of the nasal passages and mouth to the larynx and connects the nasal passages to the larynx and mouth.
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| Pharynx/o | meaning "throat"
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| Larynx | part fo the respiratory tract located between the pharynx and trachea. commonly called the voice box.
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| Voice box | common name for the larynx
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| Vocal cords | paired membranous bands in the larynx that help produce sound
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| Laryng/o | meaning "voice box" or "larynx"
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| Glottis | where the vocal apparatus is found, it is the space between the vocal cords. Air passing through the glottis causes vibration of the vocal cords that produce sound
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| Glott/o | meaning "glottis"
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| Syrinx | vocal apparatus of avian species which is located between the trachea and bronchi
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| Trachea | commonly called the windpipe. extends from the neck to the chest. it attaches to the larynx in the neck and passes into the thorax through thr thoracic inlet
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| Thorax | chest cavity that houses the lungs and heart
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| Thoracic inlet | also known as the superior thoracic aperture, refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity.
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| Trache/o | meaning "windpipe" or "trachea
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| Tracheal Bifurcation | at the distal end of the trachea where is divides to two branches (Bronchi)
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| Bronchi | the branches from the trachea that lead to the lungs
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| Bronch/o, (Bronchus) | meaning " bronchi" (plural form)
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| Bronchial tree | the Bronchus divide into branches, over and over dividing into smaller branches that look similar to a tree.
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| Principal or Primary Bronchus (left and right) | the main bronchi that divides off of the Trachea
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| Secondary (Lobar) bronchi | the bronchi that divide into smaller branches from the primary
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| Tertiary or Segmental bronchi (Bronchioles or Bronchiolus) | the bronch that divides into smaller branches from the secondary
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| -ole | meaning "small"
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| bronchiol/o | meaning "bronchiole
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| Alveoli | air sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs
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| Alveolus | (Latin for small hollow thing) a grape like cluster at the end of each bronchiole. connected via the alveolar duct
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| Alveol/o | meaning "small sac"
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| Surfactant | a liquid in the alveoli that reduces alveolar surface tension, and prevents collapse of the alveoli during expiration.
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| Cost/o | meaning "ribs"
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| Intercostal | pertaining to the area between the ribs
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| Thorac/o, -thorax | meaning "chest cavity" or "chest"
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| Lung | the main organ of respiration, composed of lobes (left and right)
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| Lobes | well defined portion of an organ and is used in describing areas in the lung, liver, and other organs.
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| Lob/o | meaning "well defined portion"
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| Pneum/o, Pneumon/o, Pneu | meaning "lung" or "air"
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| Pulm/o, Pulmon/o | meaning "lung"
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| Parenchyma | the functional elements of an organ
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| Stroma | the framework of an organ
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| Lung Parenchyma | the functional elements of the lung
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| Mediastinum | the region between the lungs that houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, part of the bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct and thymus.
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| Pleura | membranous sac that encased each lung
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| Pleur/o (Pleurae) | meaning "membrane around the lung" (plural form)
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| Parietal Pleura | the outer layer of the membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
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| Visceral Pleura | the inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung
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| Pleural space | the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura, contains pleural fluid which prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration, while providing an adhesive force, keeping the lung in contact with the chest wall.
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| Diaphragm | muscle that separates the thoracic and peritoneal cavities
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| Dia- | meaning "across"
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| phragm/o | meaning 'wall"
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| Diaphragmat/o, Phren/o | meaning "diaphragm"
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| Diaphragmatic Hernia | abnormal displacement of organs through the muscle separating the chest and abdomen
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| Inhalation | the drawing in of breath
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| Exhalation, Expiration | the release of breath
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| Spirare | (latin) meaning to breathe
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| Spir/o, -pnea | meaning "breath" or "breathing"
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| Apnea | absence of breathing
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| Dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing
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| Bradypnea | abnormally slow respiratory rates
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| Tachypnea | abnormally rapid respiratory rates
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| Hyperpnea | abnormal increase in the rate and depth of respirations
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| Hyperventilation | abnormally rapid deep breathing, which results in decreased levels of cellular carbon dioxide
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| Agonal breathing | respirations near death or during extreme suffering
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| Ox/i, Ox/o, Ox/y | refer to Oxygen (O2)
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| Capn/o | refers to Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
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| Phren/o (2nd reference) | can also refer to the mind.
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| Hypoxia | refers to inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite an adequate blood supply
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| Hypercapnia | refers to excessive amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
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| Hypocapnia | a decrease in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood
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| Respiratory Acidosis | excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood due to decreased ventilation that lowers the pH of the blood
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| Respiratory Alkalosis | low carbon dioxide levels do to increased ventilation that raises the pH of the blood
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| Metabolic Acidosis or Alkaliosis | changes in blood pH that are caused by a metabolic factor (vomiting, renal disease)
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| Tidal volume | amount of air exchanged during normal respiration (air inhaled and exhaled in one breath)
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| Inspiratory reserve volume or complemental air | amount of air inspired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be inhaled after normal inspiration)
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| Expiratory reserve volume or supplemental air | amount of air expired over the tidal volume (extra amount that could be exhaled after normal expiration)
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| Residual volume | air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration (amount of air trapped in the alveoli)
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| Dead space | air in the pathway of the respiratory system (termed "dead" because this air is not currently participating in gas exchange)
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| Minimal volume | amount of air left in alveoli after the lung collapses
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| Vital capacity | largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung (tidal volume + inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes)
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| Arterial Blood Gas | laboratory test in which pressured levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are measured in arterial blood, abbr. ABG
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| Auscultation | act of listening, respiratory tract is auscultated with a Stethoscope, respiratory rhythm, rate, and sound are evaluated upon auscultation
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| Adventitious sounds | pathologic respiratory sounds to listen for during auscultation
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| Bubbling | sound of popping bubbles that suggest fluid accumulation
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| Crepitation (rales, or crackles) | fine or coarse noises coming from collapsed or fluid filled alveoli during inspiration
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| Decreased lung sounds | less or no sound of air movement, suggesting consolidation of lung tissue
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| Consolidation | a condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic and air-filled because it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris
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| Respiratory rate (RR) | number of respirations per minute; one inspiration, and one expiration
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| Rhonchi (wheezing) | abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspirations
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| Stridor | snoring, squeaking, or whistling that suggests airway narrowing
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| Vesicular sounds | sound resulting from air passing through small bronchi and alveoli
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| Bronchoalveolar lavage | collection of fluid or mucus from a bronchi and/or alveoli via an endoscope of through an endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea caudally as possible before infusing fluid and aspiring a sample. fluid may be used for cytologic sample
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| Bronchoscopy | exam of the bronchus, may be used to examine the bronchi for disease of foreign objects.
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| Bronchoscope | an instrument used to visually examine the bronchus
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| Laryngoscopy | visual exam fo the voice box. used to examine the larynx for disease, tissue repair, or foreign object.
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| Laryngoscope | an instrument used to visually examine the voice box
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| Percussion | diagnostic procedure used to determine density in which sound is produced by taping various body surfaces with a finger or an instrument. the sound that is produced over the chest where the air is present differs from that of an area where fluid is
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| Phlegm | thick mucus secreted by the respiratory lining.
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| Sputum | mucus secreted from the lower respiratory tract, can be used for cytologic exam
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| Radiography | image of internalized structures created by exposure of a sensitized film to x-rays
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| Spirometer | instrument used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs, measures volume and capacity.
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| Sputum culture | procedure in which mucus from the lower respiratory tract is collected and placed in predetermined media (nutrient source) to allow microbes to reproduce.
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| Thoracocentesis (Thoracentesis) | puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity, may be used for cytologic and microbiologic exam. could also be performed to drain pleural effusions or to re-expand a collapsed lung
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| Tracheal wash | collection of fluid or mucus from the trachea via an endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease, may be used for cytologic or microbiologic exam
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| Transtracheal wash | sterile collection of fluid or mucus from the trachea via a catheter inserted through the skin into the trachea to assess respiratory disease, abbr. TTW. may be used in cytologic or microbiologic exam
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| Trephination | insertion of a hole-boring instrument (trephine) into a sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to the roots of the teeth
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| Anoxia | absence of oxygen (almost complete lack of oxygen)
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| Asphyxiation (Suffocation) | interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen
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| Aspiration | inhalation of a foreign substance into the upper respiratory tract
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| Asthma | chronic allergy disorder
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| Atelectasis | incomplete expansion of the alveoli; also may mean collapse of a lung
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| Bronchiectasis | dilation of the bronchi, may be a sequela of inflammation or obstruction
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| Sequela | a condition following as a consequence of disease
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| Bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi
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| Acute Bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi that occurs over a short time and has sudden onset
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| Chronic Bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi that that occurs of a long period of time and has a longer onset.
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| Bronchopneumonia | abnormal condition of the bronchi and lung
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| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | abbr. COPD. general term for abnormal conditions in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed, commonly called heaves. they may have a heavy line, or increased abdominal musculature associated with increased expiratory effort.
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| Cyanosis | abnormal condition of blue discoloration, caused by inadequate oxygen levels
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| Diaphragmatic hernia | abnormal opening in the diaphragm that allows part of the abdominal organs to migrate into the chest cavity
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| Emphysema | chronic lung disease caused by enlargement of the alveoli of changes in the alveolar wall
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| Epistaxis | nosebleed
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| Equine Laryngeal Hemiplegia | disorder of horses that is characterized by abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise associated with degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of the laryngeal muscles; also called left laryngeal hemiplegia, or roaring
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| -plegia | meaning "paralysis"
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| Hemoptysis | spitting of blood from the lower respiratory tract
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| Hemothorax | accumulation of blood in the chest cavity
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| Inflammation | localized protective response to destroy, dilute, or wall off injury; classic signs are heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
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| Laryngitis | inflammation of the voice box
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| laryngoplegia | paralysis of the voice box
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| Laryngospasm | sudden fluttering or closure of the voice box
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| Pharyngitis | inflammation of the throat
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| Phonation | act of producing sound
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| Aphonation | is the inability to produce sound
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| Pleural Effusion | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
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| Effusion | fluid escaping from blood or lymphatic vessels into tissues or spaces
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| Pleurisy (Pleuritis) | inflammation of the pleura
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| Pleuropneumonia | abnormal condition of the pleura and the lung, usually involves inflammation and congestion
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| Pneumonia | abnormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion of the lung
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| Congestion | the abnormal accumulation of fluid
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| Interstitial | pertains to the area between the cells
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| Interstitial pneumonia | abnormal lung condition with increased fluid between the alveoli and a decrease in lung function
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| pneumothorax | abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the chest cavity
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| Polyp | growth or mass protruding from a mucous membrane (usually benign)
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| Pulmonary Edema | accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue
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| Edema | abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces.
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| Pulmonary Fibrosus | abnormal formation of fibers in the alveolar walls
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| Pyothorax | accumulation of pus in the chest cavity
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| Pus | a fluid product of inflammation composed of leukocytes, exudate, and cell debris
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| Exudate | high protein fluid
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| Rhinitis | inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes. describe discharge by appearence
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| Mucopurulent | containing mucus and pus
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| Rhinopneumonitis | inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes and lungs
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| Rhinorrhea | nasal discharge
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| Sinusitis | inflammation of a sinus
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| Snuffles | Common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida
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| Stenotic Nares | narrowed nostrils that reduce airway flow
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| Tracheitis | inflammation of the windpipe
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| Tracheobronchitis | inflammation of the trachea and bronchi
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| Upper respiratory infection | invasion of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, or larynx (or trachea) by pathogenic organisms; abbr. URI Signs: cough, nasal and ocular discharge, dyspnea, respiratory noise
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| Cough | a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
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| Paroxysmal Cough | spasm-like and sudden cough
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| Tuss/i | meaning "cough"
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| Bronchoconstrictors | substances that narrow the openings into the lung
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| Bronchodilators | substances which enlarge the openings into the lungs
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| Mucolytics | substances to break down mucus
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| Antitussives | substances used to prevent coughing
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| Chest tube placement | a chest tube is a hollow device inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid or gas. passed when animals are severely dyspneic because of pressure on the lungs
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| Endotracheal intubation | passage of a tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the windpipe . provides a patent airway for administration of anesthetics or for critical care
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| patent | meaning: open, unobstructed, not closed
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| Laryngectomy | surgical removal of the voice box
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| Laryngoplasty | surgical repair of the voice box
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| Lobectomy | surgical removal of a lobe
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| Pharyngoplasty | surgical repair of the throat
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| Pharyngostomy | surgical creation of an opening into the throat
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| Stoma | an opening on a body surface that may occur naturally or may be created surgically.
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| Pharyngotomy | surgical incision into the throat
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| Pleurectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the pleura
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| Pneumonectomy | surgical removal of lung tissue
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| Sinusotomy | surgical incision into a sinus
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| Thoracotomy | surgical incision into the chest wall
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| Tracheoplasty | Surgical repair of the windpipe
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| Tracheostomy | surgical creation of an opening into the windpipe (usually involves insertion and placement of a tube)
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| Tracheotomy | Surgical incision into the windpipe
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| ABG | arterial blood gas
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| CO | carbon dioxide
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| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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| ET | endotracheal
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| O2 | oxygen
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| PEEP | positive end expiratory pressure
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| RR | respiration rate
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| TTA | transtracheal aspiration
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| TTW | transtracheal wash
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| URI | upper respiratory infection
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