Veterinary Medical Terminology
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| Midsagittal Plane (Median/Midline) | the plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves
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| Sagittal Plane | the plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts
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| Dorsal Plane (Frontal, Coronal) | the plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts
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| Transverse Plane (Horizontal, Cross-sectional) | the palne that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
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| Ventral | refers to the belly or underside of a body or body part
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| Dorsal | refers to the back
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| Cranial | towards the head
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| Caudal | towards the tail
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| Anterior | front of the body (used for organs or body parts)
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| Posterior | rear of the body (used for organs of body parts)
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| Rostral | towards the nose end of the head
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| Medial | towards the midline
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| Lateral | away from the midline
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| Superior | uppermost, above, or towards the head (used more in bipeds)
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| Inferior | means lowermost, below, or toward the tail (used more in bipeds)
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| Proximal | nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure
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| Distal | farthest from the midline or farthest from the beginning of a stucture
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| Superficial | near the surface
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| Deep | away from the surface
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| Palmar | the caudal surface of the manus (front paw) including the carpus (from the antebrachial joint distally)
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| Plantar | the caudal surface of the pes (rear paw) including the tarsus (from the tibiotarsal joint distally)
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| -ology | study of
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| Anatomy | the study of body stucture
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| Physiology | the study of body functions
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| Physi/o- | nature
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| Pathology | the study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions
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| Path/o- | disease
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| Pathophysiology | the study of changes in function caused by disease
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| Etiology | the study of disease causes
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| Eti/o- | cause of
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| -logist | a specialist
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| Cardiologist | a heart specialist
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| dermat/o- | skin
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| Dermatologist | a skin specialist
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| Dental Arcade | term used to describe how teeth are arranged in the the mouth
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| Arcade | a series of arches
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| Lingual Surface | the aspect of the tooth that faces the tongue
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| Maxilla | upper jaw
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| Mandible | lower jaw
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| Palatal Surface | the tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue
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| Buccal Surface (Vestibular Surface) | the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek
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| Occusal Surface | the aspects of the teeth that meet when the animal chews
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| Labial Surface | the tooth surface facing the lips
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| Contact Surfaces | the aspects of the tooth that touch other teeth
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| Mesial | surface closest to the midline
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| Distal | surface furthest from the midline
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| Cavity | hole or hollow space in the body that contains and protects internal organs
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| Cranial Cavity | hollow space that contains the brain in the skull
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| Spinal Cavity | hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column
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| Thoracic Cavity (Chest Cavity) | hollow space that contains the heart and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm
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| Abdominal Cavity | hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity
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| Peritoneal Cavity | hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
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| Pelvic Cavity | hollow space that contains the reproductive and some excretory systems
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| Abdomen | the portion of the body between the thorax and pelvis
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| Thorax | the chest region located between the neck and the diaphragm
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| Groin (Inguinal Area) | the caudal region of the abdomen adjacent to the thigh
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| Membranes | thin layers of tissue that covers a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ
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| Peritoneum | the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covers some organs in the area
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| Parietal Peritoneum | outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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| Visceral Peritoneum | inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs
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| Peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum
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| Umbilicus (Navel) | the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus
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| Mesentery | the layer of the peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity
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| Retroperitoneal | superficial to the peritoneum
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| Recumbent | the only term you can use to mean "laying down"
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| Dorsal Recumbency | lying on the back
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| Ventral Recumbency (Sternal Recumbency) | Lying on the belly, or sternum
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| Left Lateral Recumbency | lying on the left side
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| Right Lateral Recumbency | Lying on the right side
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| Prone | lying in ventral or sternal recumbency
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| Supine | lying in dorsal recumbency
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| Adduction | movement towards the midline
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| Abduction | movement away from the midline
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| Flexion | closure of a joint, reduction in angle between 2 bones
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| Extension | straightening of a joint, increase in angle between 2 bones
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| Hyperflexion | a joint that is flexed too far
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| Hyperextension | a joint that is extended too far
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| Supination | act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward
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| Pronation | the act of rotating limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward
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| Rotation | term of movement that means circular movement around an axis
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| Cyt/o- | cell
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| Cytology | study of cells
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| Protoplasm | the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus colectively
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| Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) | the structure lining the cell that protects the cell's contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell
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| Cytoplasm | the gelatinous material in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
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| Nucleus | the structure in a cell that contains Nucleoplasm, Chromosomes, and surrounding membrane
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| Nucleoplasm | material in the nucleus
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| Chromosomes | structures in the nucleus composed of DNA that transmits genetic information
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| Genetic Disorder | any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes
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| Congenital | something that is present at birth
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| Anomaly | deviation from what is regarded as normal (used instead of defect)
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| Tissue | a group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function
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| Histology | the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
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| Hist/o- | tissue
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| Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium) | covers internal and external body surfaces and is made up of tightly packed cells in a variety of arrangements
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| Epi- | above
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| Endothelium | cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs, including blood vessels (part of the Epithelium)
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| Mesothelium | the cellular covering that forms the lining of serious membranes such as the peritoneum (part of the Epithelium)
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| Meso- | Middle
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| Connective Tissue | adds support and structure to the body by holding the organs in place and binding body parts together
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| Adipose Tissue | fat, connective tissue
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| Adip/o- | fat
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| Muscle Tissue | tissue that contains cell material with the specialized ability to contract and relax
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| Nervous Tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
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| -plasia | describes formation, development, and growth in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
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| -trophy | formation, development, and growth in the size of an organ or a tissue or individual cell
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| Anaplasia | a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other.
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| Aplasia | lack of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
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| Dysplasia | an abnormal growth or development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
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| Hyperplasia | an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue
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| Hypoplasia | incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or cell
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| Neoplasia | any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive (tumor)
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| Tumor | a benign (not reoccuring) or malignant (tending to spread, life threatening) mass of abnormal tissue
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| -oma | tumor or neoplasm
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| Atrophy | decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell
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| Dystropy | defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
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| Hypertrophy | increase in the size of an organ to tissue of cell
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| Glands | groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
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| Aden/o- | gland
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| Exocrine Glands | groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances into ducts that lead out of the body or another organ
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| Endocrine Glands | a group of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream, which transports them throughout the body
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| Organ | a part of the body that performs a special function or functions
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| Bicornuate Uterus | Uterus with 2 horns
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| Unilateral | Pertaining to 1 side
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| Bilateral | Pertaining to 2 sides
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| Oste/o-, Oss/e-, Oss/i- | Bones
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| Arthr/o- | Joints
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| Chondr/o- | Cartilage
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| My/o- | Muscles
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| Fasc/i-, Fasci/o- | Fascia
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| Ten/o-, Tend/o-, Tendin/o- | Tendons
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| Cardi/o- | Heart
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| Arteri/o- | Arteries
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| Ven/o-, phleb/o- | Veins
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| Hem/o-, Hemat/o- | Blood
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| Lymph/o- | Lymph vessels, fluid, nodes
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| Tonsill/o- | Tonsils
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| Splen/o- | Spleen
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| Thym/o- | Thymus
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| Nas/o-, Rhin/o- | Nose or nares
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| Pharyng/o- | Pharynx
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| Trache/o- | Trachea
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| Laryng/o- | Larynx
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| Pneum/o-, Pneumon/o-, Pulm/o-, Pulmon/o- | Lungs
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| Or/o-, Stomat/o | Mouth
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| Esophag/o- | Esophagus
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| Gastr/o- | Stomach
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| Enter/o- | Small intestine
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| Col/o-, Colon/o- | Large intestine
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| Hepat/o- | Liver
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| Pancreat/o | Pancreas
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| Ren/o-, Nephr/o- | Kidneys
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| Ureter/o- | Ureters
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| Cyst/o- | Urinary bladder
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| Urethr/o- | Urethra
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| Neur/o-, Neur/i- | Nerves
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| Encephal/o- | Brain
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| Ophthalm/o-, Ocul/o-, Opt/o-, Opt/i- | Eyes
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| Optic/o- | Sight
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| Ot/o-, Audit/o-, Aud/i- | Ears
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| Aur/i-, Aur/o- | External Ear
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| Dermat/o-, Derm/o-, Cutane/o- | Skin
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| Adren/o- | Adrenals
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| Gonad/o- | Gonads
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| Pineal/o- | Pineal
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| Pituit/o- | Pituitary
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| Thyroid/o-, Thyr/o- | Thyroid
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| Orch/o-, Orch/i-, Orchid/o-, Testicul/o- | Testes
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| Ovari/o-, Oophor/o- | Ovaries
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| Hyster/o-, Metr/o-, Metr/i-, Metri/o-, Uter/o- | Uterus
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| Uni- | One
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| Mono- | One
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| Duo-, Bi- | Two
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| Dyo- | Two
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| Tri- | Three
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| Quadri-, Quadro | Four
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| Tetr-, Tetra | Four
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| Quinqu-, Quint- | Five
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| Pent-, Penta | Five
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| Sex- | Six
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| Hex-, Hexa- | Six
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| Sept-, Septi- | Seven
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| Hept-, Hepta- | Seven
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| Octo- | Eight
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| Oct-, Octa-, Octo- | Eight
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| Novem-, Nonus- | Nine
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| Ennea- | Nine
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| Deca-, Decem- | Ten
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| Dek-, Deka- | Ten
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