Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Exam 2
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| What is another name for the sensory system? | Afferent
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| What is the sensory system? | Means by which the nervous system receives information about the environment and movement
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| What is exteroception? | external environment
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| What is interoception? | internal environment
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| What is proprioception? | position and movement
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| What is a conscious perception of sensory stimuli? | sensation
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| What does the ending -ception mean? | perceiving
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| What is a somatosensation? | General senses such as pain, touch, temperature, and proprioception on body surfaces and musculoskeletal elements
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| What is the special sense organ for taste? | gustation
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| What is the special sense organ for smell? | olfaction
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| What is the special sense organ for sight? | vision
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| What is the special sense organ for hearing? | audition
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| What is the special sense organ for equilibrium? | vestibular sensation
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| What does soma- mean? | body of the cell
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| Name three animal-specific sense organs. | Geomagnetism, detection of electric fields, and modified audition
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| What is geomagnetism? | migratory bird and insects
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| Which species of animals use detection of electric fields? | fish
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| Cetaceans and bats use what to navigate? | modified audition and sonar
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| What do some animals ride in the ocean? | East Australian Current
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| What are sensory receptors? | specialized cells/nerve endings that detect internal or external environment
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| What is transduction? | mechanism by which the nervous system changes environmental energy to electrical activity of neurons (changed into action potential)
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| What are the five types of sensory recpetors? | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, and chemoreceptors
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| What are mechanoreceptors? | stretch, proprioception (skeletal muscles)
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| What are thermoreceptors? | hot, cold, infrared
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| What are nociceptors? | dull vs. sharp pain
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| What are photorecptors? | light (rods and cones)
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| What are chemoreceptors? | taste, smell, CO2, pH
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| What are unencapsulate receptors? | sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping
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| What is an exmaple of unencapsulated receptors? | free nerve endings and hair receptors
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| What are encapsulated receptors? | dendrites with a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering
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| What is an example of encapsulated receptors? | Meissners corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles in skin
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| What are blood cells called? | corpuscles
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| What is perception created through input of a variety of specialized receptors? | proprioception
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| Where are taste cells found? | on tongue and throat
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| Where are taste buds found? | papillae
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| What are the five tastes? | Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (MSG)
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| What cranial nerves are associated with taste receptors? | VII, IX, and X
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| What type is the olfactory epithelium? | pseudostratified
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| How does the smell make it to the brain? | nerve dendrites have cilia that bind the odors to them, then the odor is relayed to the nerve axon which synapses dendritesof the olfactory buld to the brain
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| What are the three parts of the ear? | external, middle, internal
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| What are the two functions of the ear? | hearing and balance
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| What is in charge of hearing? | cochlea
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| What maintains balance and equilibrium? | semi-circular canals and vestibularapparatus
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| What are the parts of the external ear? | pinna/auricle, auricular cartilage
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| What is important about the shape of the ear? | It captures sound localization
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| What forms most of the ear canal? | annular cartilage
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| Where does the tubular extension of pinna connect? | external acoustic canal and tympanic membrane
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| What is the external acoustic canal made of? | modified skin with sebaceous and ceruminous glands
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| What does the prefix au- mean? | hearing
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| What kind of space is the middle ear? | air-filled
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| What is the tympanic cavity lined with?? | mucous membrane in temporal lobe
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| How is the middle ear sealed off from the external ear? | by the tympanic membrane
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| What are the three middle ear ossicles? | malleus, incus, stapes
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| What are the shapes of malleus, incus, and stapes? | hammer, anvil, stirrup
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| What are the two muscles in the middle ear? | tensor tympani and stapedius
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| What causes you to not be able to hear after a loud rock concert? | The two muscles of the inner ear
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| Where is the internal ear located? | within the temporal lobe as a multichambered membranous sac
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| What is the purpose of the internal ear? | detects sound and acceleration of head
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| How many parts are in the internal ear, what are their names and shape? | Three: utriculus and sacculus (2 large pieces), semicircular ducts (3 loops), and cochlear duct (spiral)
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| What are the three parts of the cochlea? | scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, and scala tympani
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| How do the sound waves travel at the beginning of the ear? | down pinna to tympanic membrane
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| What transfers vibrations to vestibular window? | ossicles
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| The Organ of Corti is also called what? | hair cells
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| What part of the eye allows light to pass easily? | cornea
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| What parts is the cornea missing to allow light? | vascular elements and pigment
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| What is required so light cannot reflect in the eye? | dehydration
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| What types of animals have larger corneas to increase light transmission? | nocturnal
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| How much of their cornea do dogs and cats use? | dogs 17% and cats 30%
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| What is the purpose of the lens? | focuses light onto the retina
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| What is is called when the muscles in ciliary body change the shape of the lens? | accomodation
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| Which would have a larger lens? Distant light or close light? | close
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| What is the purpose of the iris? | controls how much light gets into the eye by regulating pupil size
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| What animals have a horizontal iris? | domestic herbivores and pigs
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| What animals have a vertical and elliptical iris? | cat
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| What is the shape of a dog's iris? | circular
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| What are the two sets of smooth muscles in the iris and their shape? | Circular-parasympathetic and radial-sympathetic
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| What are the masses of color in the iris called? | corpora nigra
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| Where is the aqueous humor formed? | posterior chamber behind iris
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| What is the function of the aqueous humor? | provides nutrition to cornea and lens, remove waste products, and maintains pressure
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| Where is the vitreous humor? | behind lens
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| What is the condition when the humors need to be drained if they are blocked? | glaucoma (increased pressure)
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| What are the two photoreceptors in the retina? | rods and cones
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| What colors do you see with rods? | black and white
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| Where is the blind spot in the eye? | at the optic disc
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| What happens to your eyes in darkness? | increased concentration of rhodopsin and diameter of pupil
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| What is the tapetum in the eye? | A reflective layer of inner choroid that allows light to reflect
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| What is the difference between monocular vision and binocular vision? | monocular is with one eye whereas binocular is with two eyes
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