veterinary anatomy and physiology
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| Anatomy | the science of dealing with the form and structure of living organisms
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| physiology | the science that treats the functions of the living organism and its parts
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| cell | the smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence.
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| molecules | group of atoms joined by chemical bonds
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| deoxyribonucleic acid DNA | contains all the special coded information the cell needs to function
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| ribonucleic acid RNA | contains information to help the cell make the specific types of protein it needs
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| Plasma Membrane | the thin skin that surrounds the cell, composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules, and helps maintain the internal environment of the cell.
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| nucleus | a membrane-bound area within the cell that contains and protects the cell's DNA
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| Ribosomes | a small collection of RNA and proteins, used to build the proteins the cell needs.
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) | a membrane-bound set of branching sacs that contains enzymes, and is used to build the lipid molecules the cell needs
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) | similar in structure to the smooth ER except that the membrane has ribosomes associated with it, and is used to build proteins in this area.
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| Golgi apparatus | the membrane-bound area where the proteins of the cell are prepared to be exported from the cell
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| Cytoskeleton | the general term for several structures, such as centrioles, that give support to the cell and may help to move items around inside of the cell
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| mitochondria | consists of an outer membrane and an inner membrane with many folds. It is used to produce the energy molecules the cell needs to perform its functions.
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| vacuoles | a space or cavity in the protoplasm of a cell
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| lipid | fat
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| epithelial tissue | tissues that cover surfaces in the body, such as organs and body cavities
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| connective tissues | there are several types of connective tissues, such as blood bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
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| muscle tissue | there are three types of muscle tissue that differ in function: 1) the heart 2) the muscles that surround certain organs, and 3) the muscles that are attached to bones.
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| nervous tissue | makes up the brain and spinal cord, which contain specialized cells called neurons
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| musculoskeletal system | functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs and is made up of all the body parts working together.
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| skeletal system | supports and protects the body's tissues, made up of a variety of bones.
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| long bones | involved in voluntary movement, contain a cavity, the bone marrow. main part is the shaft (diaphysis).
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| bone marrow | where blood cells are produced
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| diaphysis | main part of the long bone
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| epiphysis | ends of the long bones
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| small bones | include those that make up the paw such as carpal and tarsal bones
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| vertebrae | irregularly shaped bones
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| flat bones | make up skull and pelvis
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| sesamoid bones | includes the kneecap, a small nodular bone embedded in a tendon or joint capsule
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| patella | kneecap
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| pneumatic bones | bones that contain air sacs, very lightweight. Bird skeletons are made mainly of pneumatic bone.
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| Axial skeleton | consists of the skull, vertebrae that make up the spinal column, the ribs, and the sternum
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| sternum | breastbone
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| Spinal column vertebrae location names | cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
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| visceral skeleton | when present, this skeletal set of bones creates the inside parts of organs: os cordi, os penis, and os rostri are examples.
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| os cordis | located in the hearts of cattle and sheep
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| os penis | found in the penises of dogs, beaver, raccoons, and walruses
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| os rostri | present in the noses of swine
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| appendicular skeleton | divided into the bones of the forelimb and hindlimb
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| thoracic limb | forelimb, which includes the scapule, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpal bones, and phalanges.
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| pelvic limb | hindlimb, includes pelvis (ilium, ischium, and pubis), femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metacarpal bones, and phalanges.
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| joint | where bones are connected
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| fibrous joints | no movement occurs when bones are held together by fibrous joints, such as the connections in the skull.
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| cartilaginous joints | only allows a rocking movement, such as that found in the spine
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| synovial joints | allows for 6 types of movement (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction) and are found in the limbs and other areas where more movement is needed.
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| Muscles | capable of contraction, attached to many of the bones, sometimes surround certain body organs and aid in the performance of the function of these organs
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| voluntary muscles | ones in which a person chooses to control
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| involuntary muscles | ones in which the nervous system controls.
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| smooth muscle | involuntary muscles that surround the organs in the body such as the intestines and bladder.
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| skeletal muscle | voluntary muscles that attach to bones and allow the skeleton to move
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| cardiac muscle | with specialized areas this muscle helps control the contraction of the heart.
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| integument | all external structures of the body such as skin, hair, claws, and feathers. The integument protects organs and tissues, aids in regulating body temp, and receives signals from external environment,
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| skin | largest part of the integument, and composed of the epidermis and dermis, and supported by the hypodermis
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| epidermis | made of keratinized epithelial tissue, it is the external portion of the skin.
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| keratin | tough, fibrous, waterproof protein.
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| melanocytes | responsible for the color of skin and hair, and only found on certain mammals
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| dermis | under the epidermis, composed of connective tissues such as collagen and elastic fibers.
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| hypodermis | under the dermis, contains loose connective tissue and fat.
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| respiratory system | breathing system which includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs
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| Lungs | contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
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| alveoli | small sacs within the lungs that are surrounded by capillaries.
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| Circulatory system | transports blood and other substances such as cells, hormones, and antibodies, through the body.
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| lymphatic system | contains the lymph vessels and lymph nodes, and is involved in the removal of excessive fluid from tissues, and is also involved with the immune system
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| arteries | blood vessels that carry the blood away from the heart
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| capillary beds | end of the line for the blood moving through the arteries, and at this point is where oxygen and waste product is exchanged between the blood and the body
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| systemic circulation system | moves blood from the heart to the rest of the body
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| pulmonary circulation system | moves blood from the heart to the lungs
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| plasma | contains many dissolved materials that are transported around the body, such as hormones and electrolytes. the blood cells are suspended in plasma
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| red blood cells | carry oxygen from the lungs to cells, and remove carbon dioxide and return it to the lungs for removal from the body. The red blood cells in mammals do not have a nucleus
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| white blood cells | have specific roles in the immune system and are divided into two categories depending on whether visible granules are present in they cytoplasm
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| granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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| agranulocytes | lymphocytes and monocytes
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| platelets | involved in clotting of blood.
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