Hormones and endocrine glands
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| Define hormone | A chemical messenger that arose the body's tissues and cells by stimulating responses in RECEPTIVE tissues/organs and sense changes in their metabolic activity
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| Target cells/hormone receptors | Cells will not respond to a hormone unless it contains the appropriate receptor
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| What glands are ductless gland | Endocrine
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| What glands do have ducts | Exocrine
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| How do Endocrine glands secrete | Secrete hormones into bloodstream. Has intracellular effects
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| How do exocrine glands secrete | Secretes product out through ducts into body cavities on surface (mucus, mammary, sweat, oil, and digestive.) Extracellular effects
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| Name 3 functions of hormones | 1. Help maintain homeostasis
2. Growth and development
3. Reproduction
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| Define diabetes mellitus | Impaired blood glucose homeostasis
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| What are normal blood glucose levels | 70-100mg/dl after fasting and 140< after meal/glucose
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| What are impaired glucose (pre diabetic) blood levels | 100-126 after fasting or 140-200 after meal/glucose
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| What are diabetic blood glucose levels | 126+ after fasting or 200+ after meal/glucose
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| What makes the hormones for the posterior pituitary gland and what hormones | The Hypothalamus. Oxytocin and Antidieuretic (ADH)
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| Where is the pituitary gland housed | The sella turcica of sphenoid bone
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| Anterior pituitary | Receives "releasing" or "inhibiting" control hormones from hypothalamus by blood system
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| Posterior pituitary hormone travel | Neurons from hypothalamus descend directly into the lobe. Hormones from hypothalamus secreted directly by axon terminals in the pituitary
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| Another name for anterior pituitary gland | Adenohypophysis
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| Another name for posterior pituitary gland | Neurohypophysis
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| What hormones are produced from the anterior pituitary gland, specifically the pars distalis | 1. Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
2. Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
3. Growth hormone (GH)
4. Prolactin (PLH)
5. Follicle Stimulating (FSH)
6. Luteinizing (LH)
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| What hormone is produced in the pars intermedia | Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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| Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) function and location | Stimulates activity of the cortex of the adrenal gland which then produces the "stress hormone", cortisol (anterior pituitary)
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| Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH) function and location | Stimulates production and release of thyroid hormone (anterior pituitary)
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| Growth hormone (GH) function and location | Stimulates growth of bone, cartilage, and muscle, etc. Timing and amount released determines body size (anterior pituitary)
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| Prolactin Hormone (PRL) function and locaton | Stimulates breast development. Promotes and maintains lactation after childbirth (anterior pituitary)
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| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) function and location | Causes formation of ovarian follicles and stimulates them to produce estrogen. Stimulates sperm development in men (anterior pituitary)
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| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) function and location | Initiates ovulation, maintains corpus luteum which produces progesterone. Stimulates testosterone secretion in males (anterior pituitary)
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| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) | Causes release of melanin pigment. Very active in fetal life, but very small or absent in adulthood (pars intermedia)
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| What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) function and location | Reduces urine output and sweating, increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, resulting in increase in BP (posterior pituitary)
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| Oxytocin function and location | Causes uterine contractions in labor, causes milk let down in lactating mothers, feelings of affection (love hormone) (posterior pituitary)
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| What are the thyroid hormones called | Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine (T3 & T4)
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| What secretes the thyroid hormones | Follicular cells that surround the thyroid follicles
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| What are the thyroid follicles filled with | Collide
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| What do the parafollicular (C cells) in the thyroid secrete | Calcitonin ("tones your bones")
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| Calcitonin | Decreases blood calcium levels, promotes Ca2 deposition and bone formation
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| What is the function of the thyroid | Maintain body's metabolism
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| What do the cheif cells secrete | Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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| Name functions of the parathyroid gland/hormones | Raises blood calcium levels. Increase activity of osteoclasts
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| What and where are oxyphil cells | Appear at puberty, no known function. Blurry/rosy spots on parathyroid
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| What are the 2 general layers of the adrenal gland | Cortex and medulla
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| What are the 4 layers from outside to inside of the adrenal gland | 1. Fibrous capsule
2. Zona glomeruosa
3. Zona Fasciculata
4. Zona reticularis
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| Where are the adrenal glands | On top of kidneys
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| What are the 3 hormones produced by the adrenal glands and from which zone are they produced | 1. Aldosterone from zona glomeruosa
2. Cortisol from zona fasiculata
3. Androgens from zona reticularis
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| What does the medulla secrete | Catecholamines: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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| Function of aldosterone | Increases blood volume by causing kidneys to retain sodium in exchange for potassium. Increased blood volume increases BP
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| Function of cortisol | Released in response from stress. Increases formation from protein and fat breakdown. Decreases inflammation
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| Function of androgens | Male sex hormones produced in small quantities and then converted into estrogens upon entering blood
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| Epinephrine and norepinephrine function | Fight or flight response. Increase heart rate, increase skeletal muscle blood flow, decrease skin blood flow
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| What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas | Small Islets of langerhans (blood glucose regulation)
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| What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas | Large portion of the pancreas, Acini (digestion)
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| What is from the beta cells | Insulin
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| What is from the alpha cells | Glucagon
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| Insulin function | Secreted after high carb meals. Stimulates glucose and amino acid uptake. Antagonizes glucagon
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| Glucagon function | Secreted in very low carb and high protein diet or fasting. Stimulates glycogenolysis
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| Somatostatin function | Secreted with in high blood glucose and amino acids after a meal. Inhibit both insulin and glucagon and may increase efficiency in digestion
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| What are the 3 "poly's" in diabetes mellitus | Polyuria (increase urine production), Polydipsia (increase thirst), Polyphagia (increase eating)
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| Type 1 diabetes | Insulin dependent. Autoimmune disorder. Immune system destroys beta cells in pancreas (caused by lack of insulin)
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| Type 2 diabetes | Insulin resistance. Caused by an insensitivity of cells to insulin
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| Estrogen function and production | Ovulation, secondary sex characteristic, regulation of menstrual cycle, produced by granulosa cells and secondarily by placenta during pregnancy
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| What hormone stimulates ovarian production of estrogens | FSH
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| Progesterone | Promotes growth and development of endometrial lining of uterus. With fertilization, it is secreted by corpus luteum and placenta once functional
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| Testosterone | Stimulate development of male sex organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and sperm production.
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| Interstitial (leydig) cells function and location | Produces testosterone in the presence of LH. Found adjacent to seminiferous tubules (sight of sperm production)
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| Pineal gland | Produces serotonin by day and converts it to melatonin in the dark
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| What glycoprotein hormone does the kidney produce | Erythropoietin (EPO)
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| Erythropoietin (EPO) function | Sensitive to low oxygen levels in blood coming into kidney. Bleeding or moving to high altitudes can produce this secretion
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| What other hormone does the kidney produce and where does the hormone derive from | Calcitriol. Derives from calciferol
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| Calcitriol (Vit D3) | Promote absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate in gut. Inhibits PTH secertion
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| How does calciferol convert to calcitriol | Calciferol is synthesized in skin when exposed to UV, then converted to calcidiol in the liver, and then carried to the kidneys and converted into calcitrol and produced in the presence of PTH
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| What is the corpus luteum | Is developed from an ovarian follicle and what is left after ovulation and produces progesterone.
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| Hyposecretion | Inadequate hormone release. Tumor or lesion destroys glands. Head trauma affects pituitary gland’s ability to secrete ADH
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| Diabetes insipidus | Chronic polyuria (form of hyposecretion)
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| Hypersecretion | Excessive hormone release. Tumors or autoimmune disorders.
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| Toxic goiter (graves disease) | Antibodies mimic effect of TSH on the thyroid (form of hypersecretion)
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| Acromegaly | Pituitary disorder:Hypersecretion of growth hormones. Thickening of the bones and soft tissues. Problems in childhood or adolescence. Gigantism = oversecretion. Dwarfism = hyposecretion
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| Thyroid gland disorder | Hyperthyroidism (weight loss, tremors.) Endemic goiter (enlarged thyroid gland.) Graves disease
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| Congenital hypothyroidism | Decrease thyroid hormone. Infant suffers bone development, thickened facial features, low temp, lethargy, dwarfism, brain damage
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| Myxedema Adult hypothyroidism | Decrease TH. Low metabolic rate, sluggish, sleepy, weight gain, high BP, tissue swelling
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| Hypoparathyroid | PT disorder. Surgical excision during thyroid surgery. Fatal tetany in 3-5 days
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| Hyperparathyroid | Excess PTH secretion. Tumor in gland. Causes soft and fragile bones. Increase blood Ca+2. Kidney stones (renal calculi)
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| Cushion syndrome | Disorder of adrenal gland. Excess cortical secretion. Hyperglycemia, hypertension, edema. Muscle and bone loss. Buffalo hump & moon face
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| Adrenogenital syndrome | Disorder or adrenal glands. Adrenal androgen hyper secretion accompanies Cushing. Enlargement of sexual organs in children. Masculine effects in women.
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| Addison's disease | Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids. Hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, low BP, dehydration due to decreased Na+ in blood, potential cardiac arrest.
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| Hyperinsulinism | From excess insulin injection, or pancreatic islet tumor. Causes hypoglycemia, weakness, and hunger. Triggers secretion of epinephrine, GH, and glucagon. (Side effects: anxiety, sweating,)
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| Insulin shock | Uncorrected hyperinsulinism with disorientation, convulsions, or unconsciousness
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| Thymus | Secretes hormones that regulate development and
later activation of T-lymphocytes (superior to heart)
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| Lipid soluble hormones and target cells | Hormone diffused through phospholipid bilayer and into cell, binds to receptor, new mRNA is formed and directs synthesis of new proteins, new protein alters cells activity.
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| Water soluble hormones and target cells | Can not diffuse through plasma membrane, hormone receptors are integral membrane proteins (act as 1st messenger, Cell response is turned off
unless new hormone
molecules arrive
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| Differences of nervous system vs. endocrine system | 1. NS has electrical/chemical ways of communicating, ES only has chemical
2. NS acts quick, ES is slow
3. NS adapt quickly, ES has more persistent responses
4. NS effects are specific (one organ), ES has more general wide spread affects (many organs)
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| GAS | General Adaption Syndrome. Stress response is a set of bodily changes.
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