Duke PA Diabetes Mellitus
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| polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| early sign of type II DM | nocturia
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| Type II DM has a strong __ | genetic predisposition
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| two things to check each time a diabetic visits the office | blood pressure and feet
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| least common type of diabetes | type 1
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| __% of diabetics are type I | 5-10
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| __% of diabetics are type II | 90-95
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| type I diabetes is caused by __ destruction | beta cell
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| __ can destroy beta cells | pancreatitis or autoimmunity
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| most common type of diabetes | type II
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| patients with __ diabetics have insulin resistance | type II
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| formerly called juvenile onset diabetes | type I
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| formerly called adult onset diabetes | type II
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| women with gestational diabetes can have | big babies
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| women with gestational diabetes have a __% chance of developing type II diabetes | 50
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| Habitual physical inactivity | lazy
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| diabetes risk factors age greater than __ | 45
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| women with polycystic ovary syndrome have increased __ | androgen levels
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| HDL < or = __mg/dl is a diabetes risk factor | 35
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| triglycerides > or = __ is a diabetes risk factor | 250
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| __ ovary syndrome is a diabetes risk factor | polycystic
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| FPG > or = 126 mg/dl | diabetes
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| FPG <126 mg/dl but > or = 110mg/dl | pre-diabetes
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| FPG < 110 mg/dl | normal
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| complications of diabetes | stroke, retinopathy, end stage renal disease, heart disease, foot/leg amputation
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| screen for end stage renal disease with | microalbumin
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| Measures Glucose Levels over 2-3 Month Period | HbA1c
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| Cannont be used to diagnose diabetes | HbA1c
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| don't order an HbA1c after a | cardiac bypass
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| HbA1c will not be accurate in patients with | sickle cell disease, hemolytic anemia, certain drugs, recent trasnfusion
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| suggested glucose range for diabetics before meals __mg/dL | 80-120
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| suggested glucose range for diabetics after meals __mg/dL | 100-180
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| suggested glucose range for diabetics at bedtime __mg/dL | 100-140
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| suggested A1c for people with diabetes __% | 7
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| the only current drug used to treat type I diabetes | insulin
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| 2 problems of type II diabetes | lack of correct glucose secretion, insulin resistance
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| best treatment for type II diabetes | lifestyle modification
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| ADA target A1c <__% | 7
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| target bp for diabetics | 130/80
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| target LDL for diabetics < or = __mg/dL | 100
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| target HDL for diabetics > __ mg/dL | 35-45
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| regular insulin is | clear
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| NPH insulin is | cloudy
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| in diabetes get rid of the __ first | low sugars
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| we don't use __ insulin treatment anymore | sliding scale
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| if you use a sliding scale insulin treatment you will let the patient get __ | sweet (hyperglycemic)
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| diabetic ketoacidosis occurs in type __ predominantly | I
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| diabetic ketoacidosis can occur in poorly controlled type __ diabetes | II
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| diabetic ketoacidosis breathing | Kussmaul breathing
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| reasons for DKA | infection, cardiac event, skipped medication
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| what can happen if you overreplace fluid in a child with DKA | cerebral edema
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| in euglycemia DKA | treat the acid not the sugar
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| when shutting off the insulin pump first give a __ | bolus of long acting insulin
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| enteral hypoglycemia treatment | 15 gm of carbohydrates
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| 15 grams of carbohydrates = | 3 glucotabs, 1/2 cup OJ, 5 lifesavers, 1/2 cup regular soda
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| parenteral hypoglycemia treatment | D50 IV, glucagon 1 mg IM
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| complications of diabetes | atherosclerotic vascular disease, renal disease, neuropathy, retinopathy
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| FBS of 126 mg/dL is roughly equivalent to an A1c of __% | 7
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| FBS of 126 mg/dL is roughly equivalent to a 2 hour GTT of __ mg/dL | 200
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| created when proinsulin splits into insulin and C-peptide | connecting peptide
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| c-peptide is decreased in __ diabetes | type I
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| c-peptide is increased or normal in __ diabetes | type II
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| Fasting blood glucose: no caloric intake for at least __ hours | 8
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| Timed blood draw after oral load of a specific amount of glucose | Oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT or GTT)
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| medications that increase glucose | diuretics, estrogens, beta blockers, corticosteroids
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| medications that decrease glucose | acetaminophen, alcohol, propanolol, anabolic steroids
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| 3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal fasting < __ mg/dL | 95
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| 3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal 1 hour < __ mg/dL | 180
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| 3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal 2 hour < __ mg/dL | 155
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| 3 hour GTT Interpretation-normal 3 hour < __ mg/dL | 140
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| abnormal 3 hour GTT Interpretation is defined as | 2 or more values above reference range
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| In normal people, 3-6% of hemoglobin is glycosylated in the form __ | A1c
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| gives information about long term glycemic control(previous 8-12 weeks) | HbA1c
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| patients with episodic or chronic hemolysis who have larger proportion of young RBCs might have spuriously low levels of | HbA1c
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| glycated albumin or glycated serum protein | fructosamine
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| Reflects hyperglycemic period within the last few weeks | fructosamine
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| Gives information of short term glycemic control | fructosamine
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| Useful for patients with chronic hemolytic anemias that cause shortened RBC life span | fructosamine
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| urine microalbumin | nephropathy
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| most common complication of DM | neuropathy
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| these are painless due to peripheral neuropathy | diabetic foot ulcer
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| 1 out of __ Americans born in the United states in 2000 are at risk for DM | 3
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| Caused by destruction of insulin producing cells | Type I DM
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| Diabetes develops during pregnancy and resolves after pregnancy | gestational diabetes
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