Making a Living and Economic Behavior
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| What is an economy? | A system of resource production, distribution, and consumption.
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| What are the five adaptive strategies? | Foraging, Horticulture, Agriculture, Pastoralism, Industrialism
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| Foragers are.. | Mobile Hunter gatherers. Rely on nature and natural resources to make a living. Typically band societies.
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| Horticulture is... | Non intensive shifting cultivation, with the use of simple tools.
Kinship based organization
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| "slash and burn" is a technique used by which adaptive strategy? | Horticulture
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| Agriculture is... | Intensive farming with more complex tools. Ranked societies with stratified social systems.
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| Pastoralism is... | The breeding and management of herds and domesticated animals. Kinship social system.
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| pastoral nomadism | The entire group (including women and children) move with the animals throughout the year.
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| Transhumance | Only part of the group moves with the animals, while most of the group stays in the village.
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| What is a mode of production? | A way of organizing production.
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| What are the two different modes of production? | Industrial and non industrial.
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| What motivates economic behavior in Industrial societies? | Economizing and Maximizing
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| What is economizing? | The allocation of scare resources among alternative ends.
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| What is maximizing ? | Gaining the largest margin of profit.
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| What motivates economic behavior in non industrial societies? | Alternative ends
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| What are the five alternative ends? | Subsistence funds, Replacement funds, Social funds, Ceremonial funds, Rent funds.
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| How are economies organized in different societies? | Distribution and exchange
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| What are the three exchange systems? | Market Principle, redistribution, and reciprocity.
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| What is the market principle? | Buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
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| What is redistribution? | Flow of gods from local level to center, then back out to community.
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| What is reciprocity? | Exchange among social equals
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| What are the three types of reciprocity? | Generalized, Balanced, Negative.
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| What is generalized reciprocity? | unequal exchange among closely related individuals
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| What is an example of generalized reciprocity? | Parental gifts; i.e giving something to another person and expecting nothing concrete or immediate in return.
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| What is Balanced reciprocity? | equal exchange among more distantly related individuals
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| What is an example of balanced reciprocity? | In a horticulture society: A man presents a gift to someone in another village. The recipient may be a cousin. The giver expects something in return.
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| What is negative reciprocity? | One sided, potentially hostile exchanges among strangers.
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| what is the potlatch? | Competitive feast on North Pacific Coast of North America. Give away food and blankets for prestige.
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