Ap World History - Summerville High School
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| Buddha | creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things, son of local ruler in Himalayas
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| Alexander the Great | successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.
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| Himalayas | mountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent.Site of the Aryan settlements that formed small kingdoms or warrior republics
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| monsoons | seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.
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| Sanskrit | the classical and sacred Indian language.
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| Varnas | clusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors,merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.
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| Indra | chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.
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| Chandragupta Maurya | founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization. r.322-298 BCE
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| Mauryan | dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great.
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| Ashoka | (r. 273-232 B.C.E) grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire.
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| dharma | the caste position and career determined by a person’s birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one’s social position and perform their occupation to the best of one’s ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.
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| Guptas | dynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.
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| gurus | originally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.
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| Vishnu | the brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.
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| Shiva | Hindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.
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| reincarnation | the successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives.
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| nirvana | the Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.
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| stupas | stone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.
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| scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.
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| untouchables | low social caste in Hindu culture; performed tasks that were considered polluting - street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning
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