Pharmacology for Vet Techs
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| What is a drug? | show 🗑
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| show | -study of drugs or poisons
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| What is pharmacokinetics? | show 🗑
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| What is pharmacodynamics? | show 🗑
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| Routes of administration two types? | show 🗑
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| Enteral examples of administration? | show 🗑
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| show | -spinal
-IV, SC, IP, IM, IC
-intra-dermal (only goes into dermal layer of skin
- intra-arterial (joints)
-intra-osseous (into bone like tibia)
-epidural (into the small of the back)
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| Advantages of Oral administration? | show 🗑
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| show | -absorption is varied
-gastric irritability in some causes vomiting
-not used if animal is vomiting or unconscious
-patient cooperation and unpleasant taste
-slow onset
-diluted
-may be destroyed by gastric pH, liver enzymes etc.
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| Rectal Administration? | show 🗑
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| show | -to the surface of the mucous membranes or skin (transdermal)
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| show | -endo/intra tracheal (inhalation)
-inhalation into the lungs
-intramammary-teats or udder
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| show | -injection other than GI
considerations:
-volume to administer
-drug concentration
-tonicity
-pH
-viscosity
-particle size
-temp
-sterility
-adjuvants and vasoconstrictions
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| show | -can deliver large doses
-can achieve high concentrations
-can titrate "to effect"
-100% bioavailable
-most hazardous
-applicable for some irritant ones
-not good for suspensions or oils
-use the smallest needle
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| show | -speed
-duration
-pain
-complications-swelling
-IM don't use unless necessary
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| Intra-dermal injections? | show 🗑
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| show | -direct into bone marrow
-give if cant use IV
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| Intra-cardiac? | show 🗑
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| show | -e.g. arthritis for horses
-morphine
-corticosteroids
-local anaesthesia
-(relates to joints)
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| show | -larger absorptive area
-better bloody supply than IM & SC
-in small animals can give crystalloids and anesthetic drugs through
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| show | -may cause peritonitis
-too much may restrict breathing
-potential for discomfort
-damage to organs by needles
-cant use for euthanasia
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| Epidural injections? | show 🗑
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| show | -injected into the cerebrospinal fluid
-local anesthetics and opioids
-smaller volume
-faster onset
-shorter duration
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| Other routes for injections? | show 🗑
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| Topical Administration? | show 🗑
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| show | -movement of the drug from the site of administration to the body by blood, lymph or extra/intra cellular environment
-absorption rate constant (ka) is the amount of drug that is absorbed into the body as a set amount of time
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| show | -physiological-associated with route of administration
-for oral-membrane physiology and GI physiology
-factors associated with properties of drug-molecular weight, pH, solubility, ionization
-membrane permeability
-dosage form
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| show | -whether it goes into blood or lymph
-whether it is a weak acid (absorption best in stomach)or weak base (absorption best in intestine)
-oral-goes into blood and then portal vein or lymph (if lipid soluble) then to the liver where some/all metabolised
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| show | depends on:
-condition of injected site
-degree of tissue perfusion
-properties of the drug-IM is quicker, ID-slower
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| Rate of Absorption-other routes? | show 🗑
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| Passive diffusion?-drug transport | show 🗑
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| Drug transport-facilitated diffusion and active transport? | show 🗑
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| pinocytosis and phagocytosis-drug transport? | show 🗑
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| show | -intestine/hepatic metabolism when delivered by portal circulation
-greater-less drug that reaches systemic circulation
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| Drug Distribution? | show 🗑
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| Types of Drug Distribution? | show 🗑
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| What is drug distribution influenced by? | show 🗑
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| Why do drugs bind to plasma proteins and what are the important ones? | show 🗑
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| show | -reversible
-forms a reservoir (inactive)
-obeys law of mass action
-KD<1- high affinity
-KD>1-low affinity
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| show | -need to adjust level of protein bound drugs due to changes in plasma protein levels
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| Overdose risk with drugs? | show 🗑
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| Drug Elimination-2 processes? | show 🗑
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| show | -liver
-small intestine
-kidneys
-skin
-lungs
-plasma
-other
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| Cytosol involved in drug metabolism? | show 🗑
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| Phase 1 Metabolism?- drugs | show 🗑
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| Phase 2 Metabolism?- drugs | show 🗑
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| Some drugs can alter their metabolism, how? | show 🗑
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| factors that affect liver metabolism? | show 🗑
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| Metabolism & entero-hepatic circulation? | show 🗑
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| What does bioavailable mean? | show 🗑
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| Drug Secretion? | show 🗑
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| Renal secretion? | show 🗑
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| show | -small molecules that dissolve in plasma water are excreted by passive elimination
-free drugs <20kDa are sieved in water, ionized or unionized
-plasma protein bound cannot be filtered
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| show | -active transport
-acid and basic carriers
-excreted by proximal tubule
-slower elimination
-competition between drugs for same transporters
-separate transport system for acids/bases
-acid-penicillin
-base-dopamine
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| Tubular Reabsorption-active? | show 🗑
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| show | -goes into blood
-down concentration gradient
-non ionized drugs and H20 reabsorbed
-ionizing stay in urine
-depends on pKa and pH
-elimination can be modified by urine pH
-e.g. phenobarbital elimination increased by alkalizing urine as pKa 7.2
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| Excretion in bile? | show 🗑
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| show | -bioavailability (F)-absorption
-volume of distribution (Vd)-distribution
-plasma half life (T1/2)-elimination
-clearance (CL)-elimination
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| show | -plots plasma concentration vs. time
-is the amount of dose that can reach the bloodstream and is physiologically active
-for IV is 100%
-for oral is % under curve compared to that under IV curve
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| Bioavailability example? | show 🗑
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| show | -route of admin
-differences in species e.g. mono vs poly gastrics
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| show | -volume of fluid into which the drug is dispersed to the body at a uniform concentration
-fluids tissues-highly perfused by blood
-Vd = dose of drug/concentration of drug
small-high conc plasma retention
large-low conc plasma retention outside plasma
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| Vd examples? | show 🗑
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| Drug half life, what does this mean? | show 🗑
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| What is body clearance? | show 🗑
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| Clinical Pharmacokinetics? | show 🗑
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| show | -amount of drug entering body=to amount of drug leaving body
-steady after 4 half lives
-accumulates if not eliminated before next dose
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| Why do we need to know pharmacokinetic parameters? | show 🗑
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| Dosage form? | show 🗑
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| show | -amt of drug given per time unit
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| show | -calculated from dose and no. per day
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| show | -dose/time
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| dosage regimen? | show 🗑
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| show | -large single dose before later smaller doses
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| Maintenance doses | show 🗑
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| show | given to prevent getting a disease
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| show | given after exposure to an illness
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| show | -mode of action (action site and mechanism)
-drug effect (final effect)
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| show | -when applying QLD health drug and poisons regulations 1996
-to know adverse effects and contraindications
-approved uses
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| How do drugs work? | show 🗑
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| show | -chemical action e.g. antacids neutralize gastric acid secretion
-physical-osmosis (mannitol), purgatives, lubricant (paraffin), adsorbent (charcoal), demulcent
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| show | -bind to membrane receptors-on cell surfaces
-intracellular receptors-in nucleus or cytoplasmicorganelles
-receptors are molecules that bind to specific molecules (ligands)
-cellular receptors (membrane)
-nuclear receptors (intracellular)
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| show | -lock and key
-depends on drug structure
-if weak-h bonds & van der waal-short acting
-if strong-covalent bonds-long acting
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| Examples of receptor drugs | show 🗑
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| Enzyme drugs? | show 🗑
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| show | -e.g. loop diuretics-furosemide inhibits on Na/K/Cl pump, causes loss of water and sodium and they are not reabsorbed
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| What are agonists? | show 🗑
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| show | -bind and block receptors from agonist activity
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| show | -competes with the agonist/ligand for the same binding site, reversible if give a large dose of agonist
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| Non Competitive Antagonist? | show 🗑
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| Dose-response drug relationships? | show 🗑
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| show | -ratio between a dosage being lethal to being therapeutic
=TD50/ED50
-measures drug safety
-high ED, more safe
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| show | 1. biological system (age, status, gender, weight etc.
2. drug & admin (route, dose, formulation, repeated-allergy,resistence)
3. drug interactions (chemical or physical, during metabolism, receptor level, excretion level, protein binding level)
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| show | -structure
-system it effects
-physiological effect
-pathological effect
-their use
-legislation
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