Neuro Lecture 6: Sleep/Arousal
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| show | conservation of metabolic energy, cognition, thermoregulation, neural maturation/mental health
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| show | they shift later, but not abolished; 26.1-ish hours waking up later each day and going to bed later
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| show | retinohypothalamic tract
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| Through which hypothalamic nucleus does light entrain a circadian rhythm? | show 🗑
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| show | melanopsin
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| show | It is not responsible for induction, but does regulate timing of sleep
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| show | pineal gland
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| show | elevated
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| show | decreased
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| show | decreased (both)
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| Is sleep passive? | show 🗑
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| Is sleep uniform? | show 🗑
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| How many stages of non-REM sleep are there? | show 🗑
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| How are the stages of non-REM sleep classified? How do they distinguish them? | show 🗑
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| show | advantages- easy, cheap, non-invasive; disadvantages- low spatial resolution
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| show | deep
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| Which types of neurons are reflected in EEG? | show 🗑
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| What is 1 word to describe the pattern of thalamocortical neurons during sleep? | show 🗑
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| What are 2 words to describe the pattern of thalamocortical neurons upon stimulation of the brain stem (when awake)? | show 🗑
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| show | stimulation of rostral RAS (reticular activating system)
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| What happens with a lesion of the RAS? | show 🗑
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| show | slow electrical stimulation of the thalamus
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| What type of NT is used in RAS neurons at the pons-midbrain junction? | show 🗑
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| show | GABAergic neurons
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| show | low
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| show | low
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| During non-REM sleep, does sympathetic outflow increase or decrease? | show 🗑
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| During non-REM sleep, does parasympathetic outflow increase or decrease? | show 🗑
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| During non-REM sleep, are muscle tone and reflexes intact or inhibited? | show 🗑
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| show | some skeletal muscle activity and slow eye-rolling movements
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| show | beta (alert) and alpha (restful) *desynchronized
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| Which types of brain waves are present in stage 1 of non-REM sleep? Hz? | show 🗑
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| Which types of brain waves are present in stage 2 of non-REM sleep? Hz? | show 🗑
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| show | delta- high amplitude slow (0.5-2 Hz)
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| show | slow wave activity
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| show | active
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| Why is REM sleep weird? 1 word description? | show 🗑
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| How long is a sleep cycle? | show 🗑
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| What is stage 1 functionally? Is it repeated each sleep cycle? | show 🗑
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| show | gets longer
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| show | pons-midbrain junction
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| What happens at the pons-midbrain junction during REM sleep to the dorsal column nuclei and somatic sensation? | show 🗑
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| What happens at the pons-midbrain junction during REM sleep to the ventral horn LMNs and skeletal muscles? | show 🗑
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| Which NT regulates dorsal column, sensation, ventral horn LMN, and muscle paralysis during REM sleep at the pons-midbrain junction? | show 🗑
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| What happens to the cerebral cortex during REM sleep? | show 🗑
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| show | paraventricular nucleus- corticotropin-releasing factor
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| What is the mechanism by which cortisol is released from the adrenal glands? | show 🗑
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| What behavioral response is CRF related to? | show 🗑
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| Where in the hypothalamus are orexin/hypocretin neurons located? | show 🗑
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| show | ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)
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| Which nucleus in the hypothalamus is the endogenous circadian pace-maker? | show 🗑
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| Which nucleus has histamine-containing neurons? | show 🗑
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| show | adenosine
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| show | in limbic-related areas (anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus)
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| Where is cortical inhibition primarily seen during REM sleep? | show 🗑
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| show | 20%
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| Which conditions are more prevalent, too much sleep or not enough sleep? | show 🗑
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| What % of the population suffers from chronic insomnia? | show 🗑
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| Which % of the population suffers from excessive sleepiness? | show 🗑
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| show | excessive sleepiness
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| show | persistent daytime sleepiness (biggest), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations
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| What is cataplexy? | show 🗑
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| What is sleep paralysis? | show 🗑
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| What are hypnagogic hallucinations? | show 🗑
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| What are most cases of narcolepsy caused by? | show 🗑
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| show | sleep aids at night or psychostimulants/amphetamines during the day
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| show | brief arousals from sleep due to upper airway obstruction, daytime sleepiness- cardiovascular complications (arrhythmias, HTN)
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| What is insomnia? What is one extreme example | show 🗑
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| What is periodic limb movement disorder? | show 🗑
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| show | intrusion of normal waking activities into sleep; sleep walking, talking, eating, bed-wetting
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| How does the total amount of sleep/day change as we age? | show 🗑
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