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FNS 6: Sleep/Arousal
Neuro Lecture 6: Sleep/Arousal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some theories as to the function of sleep? | conservation of metabolic energy, cognition, thermoregulation, neural maturation/mental health |
| What happens to circadian rhythms with the removal of cues (light)? | they shift later, but not abolished; 26.1-ish hours waking up later each day and going to bed later |
| Which tract transmits light cues to the hypothalamus? | retinohypothalamic tract |
| Through which hypothalamic nucleus does light entrain a circadian rhythm? | Suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| What is the photopigment contained in special ganglion cells in the retina? | melanopsin |
| Is the suprachiasmatic nucleus responsible for sleep induction? Does it regulate the timing of sleep? | It is not responsible for induction, but does regulate timing of sleep |
| Where is melatonin synthesized? | pineal gland |
| Is melatonin elevated or depressed in the dark? | elevated |
| Is aging associated with decreased or increased melatonin synthesis? | decreased |
| During sleep, what happens to motor activity and response to stimulation? | decreased (both) |
| Is sleep passive? | no |
| Is sleep uniform? | no |
| How many stages of non-REM sleep are there? | 4 |
| How are the stages of non-REM sleep classified? How do they distinguish them? | EEG, EMG, and EOG (cortical, muscle, and eye electrical activity) |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of EEG? | advantages- easy, cheap, non-invasive; disadvantages- low spatial resolution |
| Is an EEG a correlate of deep neuronal activity? Or shallow? | deep |
| Which types of neurons are reflected in EEG? | cortical pyramidal neurons + thalamocortical inputs to these neurons |
| What is 1 word to describe the pattern of thalamocortical neurons during sleep? | oscillatory |
| What are 2 words to describe the pattern of thalamocortical neurons upon stimulation of the brain stem (when awake)? | tonically active |
| What specifically causes wakefulness (from sleep)? | stimulation of rostral RAS (reticular activating system) |
| What happens with a lesion of the RAS? | coma |
| What specifically causes sleep? | slow electrical stimulation of the thalamus |
| What type of NT is used in RAS neurons at the pons-midbrain junction? | cholinergic (ACh) |
| What type of NT is used in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus? | GABAergic neurons |
| During non-REM sleep, is neuronal activity high or low? | low |
| During non-REM sleep, are metabolic rate and brain temperature high or low? | low |
| During non-REM sleep, does sympathetic outflow increase or decrease? | decrease |
| During non-REM sleep, does parasympathetic outflow increase or decrease? | increase |
| During non-REM sleep, are muscle tone and reflexes intact or inhibited? | intact |
| During non-REM sleep, is there any skeletal muscle activity? eye movements? | some skeletal muscle activity and slow eye-rolling movements |
| Which types of brain waves are present in awake stages? | beta (alert) and alpha (restful) *desynchronized |
| Which types of brain waves are present in stage 1 of non-REM sleep? Hz? | alpha (10Hz) |
| Which types of brain waves are present in stage 2 of non-REM sleep? Hz? | “sleep spindles” or sinusoidal waves (12-14 Hz) |
| Which types of brain waves are present in stage 3 of non-REM sleep? Hz? | delta- high amplitude slow (0.5-2 Hz) |
| Which types of brain waves are present in stage 4 of non-REM sleep? | slow wave activity |
| Is REM sleep an active or inactive form of sleep? | active |
| Why is REM sleep weird? 1 word description? | Paradoxical sleep- brain temp & metabolic rate rise; body temp drifts toward ambient; muscle tone lost; somatic sensation diminished |
| How long is a sleep cycle? | ~90 minutes through non-REM and REM stages |
| What is stage 1 functionally? Is it repeated each sleep cycle? | transition between wakefulness to sleep- not repeated each cycle |
| What happens to the REM stage with each cycle? | gets longer |
| Where are nuclei that regulate REM sleep? | pons-midbrain junction |
| What happens at the pons-midbrain junction during REM sleep to the dorsal column nuclei and somatic sensation? | inhibition of the dorsal column nuclei and decreased sensation |
| What happens at the pons-midbrain junction during REM sleep to the ventral horn LMNs and skeletal muscles? | inhibited ventral LMN and muscle paralysis |
| Which NT regulates dorsal column, sensation, ventral horn LMN, and muscle paralysis during REM sleep at the pons-midbrain junction? | GABA |
| What happens to the cerebral cortex during REM sleep? | activation of certain parts- dreaming? |
| Which hypothalamic nucleus contains CRF (and what is it?)? | paraventricular nucleus- corticotropin-releasing factor |
| What is the mechanism by which cortisol is released from the adrenal glands? | parvocellular neurons in the PVN of the hypothalamus release CRF into pituitary portal system; CRF stimulates anterior pituitary to make ACTH, which stimulates the cortisol release in adrenal glands |
| What behavioral response is CRF related to? | stress |
| Where in the hypothalamus are orexin/hypocretin neurons located? | lateral hypothalamic area |
| Stimulation of which hypothalamic nucleus induces sleep? | ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) |
| Which nucleus in the hypothalamus is the endogenous circadian pace-maker? | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| Which nucleus has histamine-containing neurons? | tuberomamillary nucleus |
| Which substance may act in preoptic nuclei and basal forebrain to promote sleep? | adenosine |
| Where is cortical activation primarily seen during REM sleep? | in limbic-related areas (anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus) |
| Where is cortical inhibition primarily seen during REM sleep? | frontal and posterior cingulate cortices |
| Up to what % of the population are affected by chronic/extended sleep difficulty? | 20% |
| Which conditions are more prevalent, too much sleep or not enough sleep? | lack of sleep |
| What % of the population suffers from chronic insomnia? | 15% |
| Which % of the population suffers from excessive sleepiness? | 2% |
| Do more people seek treatment for excessive sleepiness or chronic insomnia? | excessive sleepiness |
| What are 4 symptoms of narcolepsy that MAY occur? | persistent daytime sleepiness (biggest), cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations |
| What is cataplexy? | sudden loss of muscle tone with preserved consciousness |
| What is sleep paralysis? | patients begin with REM sleep |
| What are hypnagogic hallucinations? | vivid, dream-like hallucinations |
| What are most cases of narcolepsy caused by? | loss of hypothalamic neurons that contain orexin (hypocretin) |
| What are 2 options for treatment of narcolepsy? | sleep aids at night or psychostimulants/amphetamines during the day |
| What is obstructive sleep apnea? What can occur over time as a result? | brief arousals from sleep due to upper airway obstruction, daytime sleepiness- cardiovascular complications (arrhythmias, HTN) |
| What is insomnia? What is one extreme example | inability to sleep- fatal familial insomnia is a rare brain disease |
| What is periodic limb movement disorder? | restless leg, for example |
| What are parasomnias? | intrusion of normal waking activities into sleep; sleep walking, talking, eating, bed-wetting |
| How does the total amount of sleep/day change as we age? | decreases |
Created by:
mbyess
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