Anatomy and Physiology I
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| anatomy | study of the structure of the body
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| physiology | study of how the body functions
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| gross anatomy | study of structures that can be seen without a microcope
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| regional approach | study of all structures and their functons in a specific area of the body
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| systemic anatomy | study of structures and functions within specific body systems
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| histology | study of the microscopic structure and composition of tissues
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| 4 tissues types | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
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| epithelial | sheets of cells that cover all the internal and external surfaces of the body, lines body cavities
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| 3 shapes of epithelial tissues | squamous, cuboidal, columnar
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| simple epithelium | single layer of cells
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| stratified epithelium | multiple layers of cells
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| microvilli | finger-like projections on cells
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| cilia | hairlike projections on cells
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| glands | epitheilal tissues that manufacture and secrete substanaces
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| exocrine glands | secrete their products into ducts
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| endocrine glands | secrete their products directly into the blood and lymph vessels
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| connective tissue function | functions to bind and support the organism and it sytems
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| 6 types of connective tissue | cartilage, bone, fibrous, loose, adipose, blood
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| membranes function | cover surfaces, line cavities and separate organs
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| membranes composed of | linked epithelial and connective tissues
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| 4 types of membranes | mucous, serous, curaneous, synovial
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| mucous membranes | line the orgnas of the reproductive, urinary and respiratory tract systems
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| serous membranes | line the organs within the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
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| 2 serous membrane layers | visceral, parietal
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| visceral layer | serous membrane layer closest to the organ
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| parietal layer | serous membrane closest to the body cavity
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| mesenteries | supportive ligaments, secure organs to the body wall
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| cutaneous membranes | integument, skin
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| synovial membranes | line the joint cavities
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| synovial membranes are composed of | loose connective and adipose tissue
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| synovial membranes produce | synovial fluid
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| muscle tissue | specialized cells the can shorten to produce movement
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| 3 types of muscles tissue | smooth, skeletal, cardiac
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| smooth muscle | compose the walls of the digestive tract, involuntary
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| skeletal muscle | ataches to bones, voluntary
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| cardiac | unique to the heart, involuntary
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| nervous tissue | specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses
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| neuron | cellular subunit of nervous tissue
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| 3 parts of a neuron | cell body, axon, dendrites
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| vasoconstriction | blood vessels narrow, cause decrease in blood pressure
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| vasodilation | widening of the blood vessels
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| granulation tissue | composed of collagen fibers with many capillaries
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| organs | structures in the body made of different types of tissues
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| organ systems | collections of organs that perform a function for the body
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| atoms join together to form | molecules and compounds
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| 3 types of chemical bonds | covalent, ionic, hydrogen
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| ionic bonding | atoms either donate or accept elections
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| ions | atoms that participate in an ionic bond
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| cation | ion with a poistive charge
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| anion | negatively charged ion
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| salts | ionic bonds between mineral compounds
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| acids release | hydrogen ions
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| bases release | hydroxyl ions
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| covalent bonding | atoms have an unpaired electron in theri outer shell
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| nonpolar bond | equal sharing of electrons between atoms
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| polar covalent bond | unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
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| hydrophilic | molecules that dissolve in water
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| hydrophobic | molecules that don't dissolve in water
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| hydrocarbons | carbon and hydrogen molecules
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| inorganic compounds | don't contain hydrocarbons
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| organic compounds | contain hydrocarbons
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| 4 types of organic compounds | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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| carbohydrates | used as energy and structural materials
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| 3 types of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
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| monosaccharides | simple sugars
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| oligosacchrides | simple sugars bonded together
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| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates
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| lipids | fats , used for energy storage
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| lipids composed of | fatty acids attached o glycerol
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| proteins form | enzymes and hormones
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| proteins control | metabolic and biochemical reactions and processes in cells
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| proteins composed of | chains of amino acids joined by peptides bonds
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| number of amino acids | twenty
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | control synthesis of proteins,
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| enzymes | proteins that act as catalysts to speed up a metabilic reacation
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| What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest? | Chemical or Molecular Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, and Organ Level.
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| What are the major organs of the integumentary system? | Skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.
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| What are the functions of the integumentary system? | Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information, activates vitamin D, and stores fat to use as engergy source.
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| What are the major organs of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs.
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| What are the functions of the nervous system? | Directs immediate reponses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions, tries to maintain the intercal balance of the body
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| What are the major organs of the skeletal system? | Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow.
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| What are the functions of the skeletal system? | Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, and forms blood cells.
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| What are the major organs of the endocrine system? | Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissue in other systems.
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| What are the functions of the endocrine system? | Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development.
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| What are the major organs of the muscular system? | Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheets)
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| What are the functions of the muscular system? | Provides movement, procides protection and support for other tisses, generates heat that maintains body temperature.
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| What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system? | Heart, blood and blood vessels.
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| What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? | Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.
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| What are the major organs of the lymphatic system? | Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and tonsils.
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| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
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| What are the major organs of the urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
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| What are the functions of the urinary system? | Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, and regulates blood ion concentrations and pH.
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| What are the major organs of the respiratory systems? | Nasal cavaties, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
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| What are the functions of the respiratory system? | Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, and produces sounds for communication.
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| What are the major functions of the digestive system? | Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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| What are the functions of the digestive system? | Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats), stores energy reserves.
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| What are the major organs of the male reproductive system? | Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum.
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| What are the functions of the male reproctive system? | Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones.
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| What are the major organs for the female reproductive system? | Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands.
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| What are the functions of the female reproductive system? | Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, and provides milk to nourish newborn infant.
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| What is homeostasis? | The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
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| What is negative feedback? | A corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits.
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| What is positive feedback? | A mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an intitial stimulus.
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| What is the anatomical position? | Standing upright with palms facing forward.
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| What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior? | Frontal plane
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| What plane divides the body into superior and inferior? | Transverse plane
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| What plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? | Sagittal plane
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| What organs are in the right upper quadrant? | Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of the stomach, small and large intestine.
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| What organs are in the left upper quadrant? | Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the large intestine
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| What organs are in the right lower quadrant? | Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male, and right ureter.
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| What are the organs in the left lower quadrant? | Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male.
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| What are the functions of the body cavity? | Protect vital organs; brain, lungs, intestines, heart.... cavities allow organs to change in shape and size.
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| Anatomy | scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure
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| List some of the different levels of anatomy | developmental, embryology, cytology, histology,gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy
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| Developmental Anatomy | the study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.
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| Embryology | a subspeciality of developmental anatomy considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development. (Most birth defects occur during this period)
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| Cytology | examines the structural features of cells.
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| histology | examines tissues, which are cells and the materials surrounding them.
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| Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy | the study os structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope.
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| systemic anatomy | the body is studied system by system. Ex. circulatory, nervous etc.
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| regional anatomy | the body is studied area by area. Ex. to study all the structures in the arm.
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| Surface Anatomy | the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures.
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| Anatomic Imaging | Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.
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| Physiology | investigation of the processes or functions of living things.
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| Physiology can be considered at many different levels. Name some. | Cell physiology, systemic physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology.
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| Cell Physiology | examines the processes occurring in cells
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| systemic physiology | considers the functions of organ systems.
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| neurophysiology | focuses on the nervous system
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| cardiovascular physiology | deals with the heart and blood vessels.
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| Pathology | is the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as structural and functional changes resulting from disease.
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| Exersize Physiology | focuses on changes in function, but also structure, caused by exercise.
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| What is pH? | It is a scale representing relative concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution.
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| Hydrogen ions (H+) are? | Acidic!
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| What is the number range on the pH chart? Which is acidic and which is basic? | 0 is the most acidic, and 14 is the most basic.
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| The lower the pH the more? | H+ (Acidic - Lower on Chart)
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| What is the Normal mammalian pH? | Approximately 7.4, slightly basic.
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| What is a substance which helps keep the pH at the correct level? | "Buffers"
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