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VET 113: A&P
Anatomy and Physiology I
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of the structure of the body |
| physiology | study of how the body functions |
| gross anatomy | study of structures that can be seen without a microcope |
| regional approach | study of all structures and their functons in a specific area of the body |
| systemic anatomy | study of structures and functions within specific body systems |
| histology | study of the microscopic structure and composition of tissues |
| 4 tissues types | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| epithelial | sheets of cells that cover all the internal and external surfaces of the body, lines body cavities |
| 3 shapes of epithelial tissues | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| simple epithelium | single layer of cells |
| stratified epithelium | multiple layers of cells |
| microvilli | finger-like projections on cells |
| cilia | hairlike projections on cells |
| glands | epitheilal tissues that manufacture and secrete substanaces |
| exocrine glands | secrete their products into ducts |
| endocrine glands | secrete their products directly into the blood and lymph vessels |
| connective tissue function | functions to bind and support the organism and it sytems |
| 6 types of connective tissue | cartilage, bone, fibrous, loose, adipose, blood |
| membranes function | cover surfaces, line cavities and separate organs |
| membranes composed of | linked epithelial and connective tissues |
| 4 types of membranes | mucous, serous, curaneous, synovial |
| mucous membranes | line the orgnas of the reproductive, urinary and respiratory tract systems |
| serous membranes | line the organs within the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| 2 serous membrane layers | visceral, parietal |
| visceral layer | serous membrane layer closest to the organ |
| parietal layer | serous membrane closest to the body cavity |
| mesenteries | supportive ligaments, secure organs to the body wall |
| cutaneous membranes | integument, skin |
| synovial membranes | line the joint cavities |
| synovial membranes are composed of | loose connective and adipose tissue |
| synovial membranes produce | synovial fluid |
| muscle tissue | specialized cells the can shorten to produce movement |
| 3 types of muscles tissue | smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
| smooth muscle | compose the walls of the digestive tract, involuntary |
| skeletal muscle | ataches to bones, voluntary |
| cardiac | unique to the heart, involuntary |
| nervous tissue | specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses |
| neuron | cellular subunit of nervous tissue |
| 3 parts of a neuron | cell body, axon, dendrites |
| vasoconstriction | blood vessels narrow, cause decrease in blood pressure |
| vasodilation | widening of the blood vessels |
| granulation tissue | composed of collagen fibers with many capillaries |
| organs | structures in the body made of different types of tissues |
| organ systems | collections of organs that perform a function for the body |
| atoms join together to form | molecules and compounds |
| 3 types of chemical bonds | covalent, ionic, hydrogen |
| ionic bonding | atoms either donate or accept elections |
| ions | atoms that participate in an ionic bond |
| cation | ion with a poistive charge |
| anion | negatively charged ion |
| salts | ionic bonds between mineral compounds |
| acids release | hydrogen ions |
| bases release | hydroxyl ions |
| covalent bonding | atoms have an unpaired electron in theri outer shell |
| nonpolar bond | equal sharing of electrons between atoms |
| polar covalent bond | unequal sharing of electrons between atoms |
| hydrophilic | molecules that dissolve in water |
| hydrophobic | molecules that don't dissolve in water |
| hydrocarbons | carbon and hydrogen molecules |
| inorganic compounds | don't contain hydrocarbons |
| organic compounds | contain hydrocarbons |
| 4 types of organic compounds | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids |
| carbohydrates | used as energy and structural materials |
| 3 types of carbohydrates | monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars |
| oligosacchrides | simple sugars bonded together |
| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates |
| lipids | fats , used for energy storage |
| lipids composed of | fatty acids attached o glycerol |
| proteins form | enzymes and hormones |
| proteins control | metabolic and biochemical reactions and processes in cells |
| proteins composed of | chains of amino acids joined by peptides bonds |
| number of amino acids | twenty |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | control synthesis of proteins, |
| enzymes | proteins that act as catalysts to speed up a metabilic reacation |
| What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest? | Chemical or Molecular Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, and Organ Level. |
| What are the major organs of the integumentary system? | Skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails. |
| What are the functions of the integumentary system? | Protects against environmental hazards, helps regulate body temperature, provides sensory information, activates vitamin D, and stores fat to use as engergy source. |
| What are the major organs of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs. |
| What are the functions of the nervous system? | Directs immediate reponses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions, tries to maintain the intercal balance of the body |
| What are the major organs of the skeletal system? | Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow. |
| What are the functions of the skeletal system? | Provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, and forms blood cells. |
| What are the major organs of the endocrine system? | Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissue in other systems. |
| What are the functions of the endocrine system? | Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during development. |
| What are the major organs of the muscular system? | Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheets) |
| What are the functions of the muscular system? | Provides movement, procides protection and support for other tisses, generates heat that maintains body temperature. |
| What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system? | Heart, blood and blood vessels. |
| What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? | Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature. |
| What are the major organs of the lymphatic system? | Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and tonsils. |
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream. |
| What are the major organs of the urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
| What are the functions of the urinary system? | Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, and regulates blood ion concentrations and pH. |
| What are the major organs of the respiratory systems? | Nasal cavaties, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli. |
| What are the functions of the respiratory system? | Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), provides oxygen to bloodstream, removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream, and produces sounds for communication. |
| What are the major functions of the digestive system? | Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
| What are the functions of the digestive system? | Processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats), stores energy reserves. |
| What are the major organs of the male reproductive system? | Testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum. |
| What are the functions of the male reproctive system? | Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones. |
| What are the major organs for the female reproductive system? | Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands. |
| What are the functions of the female reproductive system? | Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, and provides milk to nourish newborn infant. |
| What is homeostasis? | The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. |
| What is negative feedback? | A corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation from normal limits. |
| What is positive feedback? | A mechanism that increases a deviation from normal limits after an intitial stimulus. |
| What is the anatomical position? | Standing upright with palms facing forward. |
| What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior? | Frontal plane |
| What plane divides the body into superior and inferior? | Transverse plane |
| What plane divides the body into equal right and left halves? | Sagittal plane |
| What organs are in the right upper quadrant? | Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of the stomach, small and large intestine. |
| What organs are in the left upper quadrant? | Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the large intestine |
| What organs are in the right lower quadrant? | Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male, and right ureter. |
| What are the organs in the left lower quadrant? | Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male. |
| What are the functions of the body cavity? | Protect vital organs; brain, lungs, intestines, heart.... cavities allow organs to change in shape and size. |
| Anatomy | scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure |
| List some of the different levels of anatomy | developmental, embryology, cytology, histology,gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy |
| Developmental Anatomy | the study of the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood. |
| Embryology | a subspeciality of developmental anatomy considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development. (Most birth defects occur during this period) |
| Cytology | examines the structural features of cells. |
| histology | examines tissues, which are cells and the materials surrounding them. |
| Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy | the study os structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope. |
| systemic anatomy | the body is studied system by system. Ex. circulatory, nervous etc. |
| regional anatomy | the body is studied area by area. Ex. to study all the structures in the arm. |
| Surface Anatomy | the study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures. |
| Anatomic Imaging | Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures. |
| Physiology | investigation of the processes or functions of living things. |
| Physiology can be considered at many different levels. Name some. | Cell physiology, systemic physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology. |
| Cell Physiology | examines the processes occurring in cells |
| systemic physiology | considers the functions of organ systems. |
| neurophysiology | focuses on the nervous system |
| cardiovascular physiology | deals with the heart and blood vessels. |
| Pathology | is the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as structural and functional changes resulting from disease. |
| Exersize Physiology | focuses on changes in function, but also structure, caused by exercise. |
| What is pH? | It is a scale representing relative concentrations of hydrogen ions in a solution. |
| Hydrogen ions (H+) are? | Acidic! |
| What is the number range on the pH chart? Which is acidic and which is basic? | 0 is the most acidic, and 14 is the most basic. |
| The lower the pH the more? | H+ (Acidic - Lower on Chart) |
| What is the Normal mammalian pH? | Approximately 7.4, slightly basic. |
| What is a substance which helps keep the pH at the correct level? | "Buffers" |
Created by:
CarrieMP
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