Reproduction Review for exams: Animal Science fall 2014
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| What is the heritability estimates for reproductive traits? | 5-15%
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| What is the primary sex organ in male? | Testis
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| Which species are testes vertical? Which are not? | Ram, bull are vertical.
Stallion, boar are not.
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| What are the parts of the male reproductive system? | Testis (S.T.), Epididymis, vas deferens, glands
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| What are the accessory sex glands? | Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowper's gland
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| Describe species variation in glans penis |
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| Which animals have a sigmoid flexure? | Ruminants, boar
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| Primary Function of the Testicles | Testosterone and Sperm
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| Primary Function of the Epididymis | Concentrate, store, mature, and transport sperm.
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| Primary Function of the Scrotum | Support testicles and temperature control.
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| Primary Function of the Accessory Glands | Add fluid and nutrients
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| Primary Function of the Penis | Copulatory Organ
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| Where are sperm produced in the testicle? | Seminiferous Tubules
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| What two cell types are found in the seminiferous tubules? | Leydig and Sertoli
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| Which type is inside the seminiferous tubules, and which type is between? | Sertoli are located inside and Leydig are located between.
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| What do Sertoli Cells Provide? | Nourishment for the developing sperm.
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| What do Leydic cells produce? | Testosterone
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| How many functional sperm are produced from one primary spermatocyte? | 4
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| How many function eggs from one primary oocyte | 1
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| What process of nuclear division produces gametes? | Meiosis
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| What are the two main parts of the sperm? | Head and Tail
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| What is contained in the head of the sperm? | Genetic Material
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| What does the tail allow for the sperm? | Motility
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| Without a penis, how does reproduction occur in poultry? | Cloacal Kissing
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| What is the definition of endocrinology? | The study of Hormones, their effects, and glands that secrete them.
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| How are hormones transported in the body | In the blood
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| What is the precursor of steroid hormones? | Cholesterol
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| Define HPG Axis | Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Controls Reproduction, development, and aging in animals
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| Define HPA axis | Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
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| Where is the H and P located in the body? | Hypothalamus is located in the brain. The pituitary gland is located in a bony depression at the base of the brain.
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| Which RH is produced by the hypothalamus? | GnRH - Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone
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| Where does it act? | Controls the release of two hormones from the anterior pituitary gland called gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH).
These hormones go to the gonads where they stimulate specific functions
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| What are the two lobes of the pituitary? | Anterior and Posterior
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| Which two gonadotropic hormones are released from the anterior pituitary? | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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| What are the functions of testosterone? | Stimulate Growth, development, and secretory activity of accessory glands.
Stimulate growth of the reproductive tract (at puberty).
Initiate spermatogenesis.
Is necessary for sperm survival.
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics.
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| What are some secondary sex characteristics in the male? | Male Voice
Muscle Development
Crest over the neck
Libido
Whiskers in a man
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| When selecting sires, what is the name of the exam called? | Breeding Soundness Exam (BSE)
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| Which anatomical features are being examined and why? | Feet and legs - to ensure he is able to cover all of the cows
Masculine traits - indicators of a functional HPG axis
Scrotal circumference - indicator of sperm production
Scrotal palpation - prominence of edpididymis indicates presence of sperm
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| What are the parts of the female urinary and genital system? | External Genetalia
Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Oviduct
Ovaries
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| What organ produces estrogen and progesterone? | Ovaries
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| T or F. Females are born with the maximum number of eggs at birth | True
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| What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles? | Layers of cells
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| Where is estrogen produced in the ovary? | In the antrum
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| At what stage of follicular development does ovulation occur? | Mature or Graafiian follicle
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| What is ovulation? | When the follicle ruptures and ovum is released
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| What is the corpus luteum? | A "yellow body"
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| What hormone does the CL produce? | Progesterone
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| If pregnancy does not occur what happens to the CL | it regresses and a new follicle begins to develop
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| What are the functions of estrogen? | Induce heat
Stimulate growth of cells of uterus and oviduct
Coordinates sperm and egg transport
Initiates duct growth and development in the mammary tissue
Gives secondary sex characteristics
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| When the follicle is mature, describe what happens in the estrous cycle? | A surge of LH is released causing rupture of the follicle, development of the Corpus Luteum, and production of progesterone.
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| What are the functions of progesterone? | Completes uterine growth
Supports pregnancy
Prevents ovulation
Stimulates growth and development of the secretory tissue in the mammary system.
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| What is estrus? | Heat - the time a female is receptive to a male
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| What types of estrous cycles are there? | Monoestrous, diestrous, polyestrous, and seasonally polyestrous.
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| What are behavioral signs of estrus? | Standing to be mounted, mounting other animals, Restless, gregarious activity, vocalizing, frequent urination, mucous discharge
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| What is fertilization? | The union of the male and female gametes
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| What are the 3 fetal membranes? | Amnion, allantois, chorion
In farm animals, these develop into chorioallantoic placentas
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| T or F. Parturition is initiated by the fetus | True
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| What physiological effects happen in the dam to prepare for parturition? | Cervix dilates
Pelvic ligaments relax
Uterine muscles contract generating pressure
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| What is the normal fetus position for birth? | Diving, feet and head first
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| What does dystocia Mean? | birthing difficulty
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| Why might dystocia occur? | Heavy birthweight, improper presentation of the fetus, age of cow
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| Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins produced by what? | Endophyte Fungus
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| What repro problems does fescue toxicosis cause in horses? In cattle? | Broodmares: dystocia, prolonged gestation, enlarged foals, thickened placenta, agalactia
Cows: agalactia, thickened placenta, aborted fetuses
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| How can this be managed by the producer? | Pull mares off 60 days before foaling; hay
test pasture for fungus; reseed
Dilute by planting of red/white clovers, alfalfa
Consider endophyte-free strains
Keep pastures short to prevent seed heads
Fertilization may make problems worse
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| What are factors affecting reproductive performance? | Nutrition, environment, disease, anatomical defects, endocrine imbalance
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| What is "flushing" as it relates to nutrition | Increasing the level of nutrition 30 days before breeding
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| How often do producers want to calve? | Every 12 months
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| Do cows in thin, moderate or good condition show estrus soonest after calving? | Moderate
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| Why do first calf heifers need extra nutrients? | Because they are lactating for the first time, they are still growing, and uterine involution (preparation for another pregnancy
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| What two dietary components needs to be monitored? | Energy and Protein
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