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Review Questions
Reproduction Review for exams: Animal Science fall 2014
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the heritability estimates for reproductive traits? | 5-15% |
| What is the primary sex organ in male? | Testis |
| Which species are testes vertical? Which are not? | Ram, bull are vertical. Stallion, boar are not. |
| What are the parts of the male reproductive system? | Testis (S.T.), Epididymis, vas deferens, glands |
| What are the accessory sex glands? | Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowper's gland |
| Describe species variation in glans penis | |
| Which animals have a sigmoid flexure? | Ruminants, boar |
| Primary Function of the Testicles | Testosterone and Sperm |
| Primary Function of the Epididymis | Concentrate, store, mature, and transport sperm. |
| Primary Function of the Scrotum | Support testicles and temperature control. |
| Primary Function of the Accessory Glands | Add fluid and nutrients |
| Primary Function of the Penis | Copulatory Organ |
| Where are sperm produced in the testicle? | Seminiferous Tubules |
| What two cell types are found in the seminiferous tubules? | Leydig and Sertoli |
| Which type is inside the seminiferous tubules, and which type is between? | Sertoli are located inside and Leydig are located between. |
| What do Sertoli Cells Provide? | Nourishment for the developing sperm. |
| What do Leydic cells produce? | Testosterone |
| How many functional sperm are produced from one primary spermatocyte? | 4 |
| How many function eggs from one primary oocyte | 1 |
| What process of nuclear division produces gametes? | Meiosis |
| What are the two main parts of the sperm? | Head and Tail |
| What is contained in the head of the sperm? | Genetic Material |
| What does the tail allow for the sperm? | Motility |
| Without a penis, how does reproduction occur in poultry? | Cloacal Kissing |
| What is the definition of endocrinology? | The study of Hormones, their effects, and glands that secrete them. |
| How are hormones transported in the body | In the blood |
| What is the precursor of steroid hormones? | Cholesterol |
| Define HPG Axis | Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Controls Reproduction, development, and aging in animals |
| Define HPA axis | Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis |
| Where is the H and P located in the body? | Hypothalamus is located in the brain. The pituitary gland is located in a bony depression at the base of the brain. |
| Which RH is produced by the hypothalamus? | GnRH - Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone |
| Where does it act? | Controls the release of two hormones from the anterior pituitary gland called gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH). These hormones go to the gonads where they stimulate specific functions |
| What are the two lobes of the pituitary? | Anterior and Posterior |
| Which two gonadotropic hormones are released from the anterior pituitary? | Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| What are the functions of testosterone? | Stimulate Growth, development, and secretory activity of accessory glands. Stimulate growth of the reproductive tract (at puberty). Initiate spermatogenesis. Is necessary for sperm survival. Responsible for secondary sex characteristics. |
| What are some secondary sex characteristics in the male? | Male Voice Muscle Development Crest over the neck Libido Whiskers in a man |
| When selecting sires, what is the name of the exam called? | Breeding Soundness Exam (BSE) |
| Which anatomical features are being examined and why? | Feet and legs - to ensure he is able to cover all of the cows Masculine traits - indicators of a functional HPG axis Scrotal circumference - indicator of sperm production Scrotal palpation - prominence of edpididymis indicates presence of sperm |
| What are the parts of the female urinary and genital system? | External Genetalia Vagina Cervix Uterus Oviduct Ovaries |
| What organ produces estrogen and progesterone? | Ovaries |
| T or F. Females are born with the maximum number of eggs at birth | True |
| What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles? | Layers of cells |
| Where is estrogen produced in the ovary? | In the antrum |
| At what stage of follicular development does ovulation occur? | Mature or Graafiian follicle |
| What is ovulation? | When the follicle ruptures and ovum is released |
| What is the corpus luteum? | A "yellow body" |
| What hormone does the CL produce? | Progesterone |
| If pregnancy does not occur what happens to the CL | it regresses and a new follicle begins to develop |
| What are the functions of estrogen? | Induce heat Stimulate growth of cells of uterus and oviduct Coordinates sperm and egg transport Initiates duct growth and development in the mammary tissue Gives secondary sex characteristics |
| When the follicle is mature, describe what happens in the estrous cycle? | A surge of LH is released causing rupture of the follicle, development of the Corpus Luteum, and production of progesterone. |
| What are the functions of progesterone? | Completes uterine growth Supports pregnancy Prevents ovulation Stimulates growth and development of the secretory tissue in the mammary system. |
| What is estrus? | Heat - the time a female is receptive to a male |
| What types of estrous cycles are there? | Monoestrous, diestrous, polyestrous, and seasonally polyestrous. |
| What are behavioral signs of estrus? | Standing to be mounted, mounting other animals, Restless, gregarious activity, vocalizing, frequent urination, mucous discharge |
| What is fertilization? | The union of the male and female gametes |
| What are the 3 fetal membranes? | Amnion, allantois, chorion In farm animals, these develop into chorioallantoic placentas |
| T or F. Parturition is initiated by the fetus | True |
| What physiological effects happen in the dam to prepare for parturition? | Cervix dilates Pelvic ligaments relax Uterine muscles contract generating pressure |
| What is the normal fetus position for birth? | Diving, feet and head first |
| What does dystocia Mean? | birthing difficulty |
| Why might dystocia occur? | Heavy birthweight, improper presentation of the fetus, age of cow |
| Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins produced by what? | Endophyte Fungus |
| What repro problems does fescue toxicosis cause in horses? In cattle? | Broodmares: dystocia, prolonged gestation, enlarged foals, thickened placenta, agalactia Cows: agalactia, thickened placenta, aborted fetuses |
| How can this be managed by the producer? | Pull mares off 60 days before foaling; hay test pasture for fungus; reseed Dilute by planting of red/white clovers, alfalfa Consider endophyte-free strains Keep pastures short to prevent seed heads Fertilization may make problems worse |
| What are factors affecting reproductive performance? | Nutrition, environment, disease, anatomical defects, endocrine imbalance |
| What is "flushing" as it relates to nutrition | Increasing the level of nutrition 30 days before breeding |
| How often do producers want to calve? | Every 12 months |
| Do cows in thin, moderate or good condition show estrus soonest after calving? | Moderate |
| Why do first calf heifers need extra nutrients? | Because they are lactating for the first time, they are still growing, and uterine involution (preparation for another pregnancy |
| What two dietary components needs to be monitored? | Energy and Protein |
Created by:
klm707
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