| Question | Answer |
| Term used to describe a nosebleed | Epistaxis |
| Difficulty breathing | dyspnea |
| Cessation of breathing | apnea |
| increased respiratory Rate | Tachypnoea |
| increased respiratory rate and depth. | Hyperpnoea |
| Pneumothorax is air within the thoracic cavity and can be caused by the following: | trauma to the thoracic wall
_over Inflation of the lungs during IPPV (Intermittent positive Pressure ventilation) |
| is also known as panleucopenia, feline distemper or feline parvovirus | feline infectious enteritis (FIE) |
| Felv is an infectious, incurable disease in cats and is caused by a species specific | retrovirus |
| Hard pad is often another name for .... as this is one of the symptoms dog can be seen with | canine distemper |
| Protozoal Zoonotic Disease of cats | toxoplasmosis |
| define incubation period | The incubation period is the time between the date of infection and the signs (appearance) of the symptoms |
| Define Isolation | is the physical separation of the animal suspected of having or proved to have a transmissible infectious diease. |
| define barrier nursing | creating a “barrier between the infectious animal and the nursing staff and other animals. This is usually carried out in conjunction with isolating the animal but can be done alone if not isolation facilities avaliable. |
| define quarantine | is the compulsory isolation (with strict protocols) of animals with or potentially exposed to infectious disease. In the case of “quarantine kennels” with notable diseases such as rabies. |
| Why should an animal with a respiratory disease be isolated? | Transmission of respiratory diseases is often by aerosol. Coughing and sneezing creates an aerosol of large numbers of water droplets loaded with micro-organisms into the atmosphere which may infect other susceptible animals sharing the same air space. |
| State the 5 main ways in which infection may establish itself within a new host? | ◦ Ingestion via infected food/coprophagia.
◦ Inhalation.
◦ Via the skin.
◦ Via the mucous membranes of the mouth, ear, eye and sexual organs.
◦ Congenital route. |
| List 10 methods of disease control | ◦ Isolation.
◦ Quarantine.
◦ Barrier nursing.
◦ Good ventilation (and ensuring that too many animals are not sharing the same air space).
◦ Therapy (ensure early and effective treatment of infected animals). (early treatment)
◦ Good hygiene. (ppe, w |
| disease pathogens and also to the incubation period - Canine Parvo virus | Virus, |
| disease pathogens and also to the incubation period -Feline Upper respiratory Tract Disease (FURTD)/cat flu | Feline Calici virus/feline Herpes virus, 1-10 days |
| disease pathogens and also to the incubation period - Canine Distemper | Morbillivirus, 7-21 days |
| disease pathogens and also to the incubation period- Kennel Cough | Bordetella bronchiseptica, 5-7 days |
| disease pathogens and also to the incubation period- Chlamydia | Chlamydia psittaci,4-10 days |
| State 3 signs which would be displayed by a rabbit with Myxomatosis | You would conjunctivitis, listlessness, anorexia and pyrexia, swollen genatilia. |
| Describe the terms ‘First’ and ‘Second’ Intention Healing, giving examples for each one | First intension healing is healing that is typical for surgical wounds and where the edges are kept together by thing like staples or sutures.
Second intention healing is where the wound is usualy cleaned, debrided and obsevered for a couple of days befo |
| State 3 clinical signs of the endocrine disorder Hyperthyroidism | Polyphagia with weight loss, emaciation, aggression and hyperactivity, heart murmur and tachycardia, polyuria/polydispsia, vomiting and diarrhoea, high blood pressure. |
| the pathology of Pyometra | bacteria – pus in urterus |
| the pathology of Cystitis | bacteria |
| the pathology of Feline Enteritis | virus – panlocopenia virus, inflammation of intestine |
| the pathology of Cataract | obpasitic in the lens caused by trauma, age, diabetes |
| the pathology of Kennel Cough | Bordetella bronchiseptica, parainfluenza virus, harpies virus. |
| Describe 2 clinical signs of a patient being presented with aural neoplasia | Facial swelling, mass can be seen , irritation, feel lymph nodes, weight loss. |
| Describe why it is important to isolate a cat with ringworm | As the condition can be transferred from animal to animal and is a contagious diease ( zoonosis diease) |
| Explain the terms Lavage and Surgical debridement and give an example as to when this would be necessary | Surgical debridment-The removal of foreign material and devitalized tissue using a scalpel or other sharp instrument. This is done to remove the dead tissue (rta). Lavage is the washing out of an area to remove irration this is done to clean the wound. |
| Describe appropriate hand hygiene and why this is essential when in isolation | It is important so that the bacteria can not be transferred to other animals or living animal as the condition may be infectious to them. |
| State the 3 phases of wound healing | Inflammatory phase.
Proliferation phase.
Maturation/ remolding phase. |
| Describe the terms ‘Active’ and ‘Passive’ ventilation and give one example for each. | Active ventaliation involves a mechaninal object like air condition to circulate the air in the area.
Passive ventilation requires no mechanical process in circulating the air in the area like opening a window |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Renal Disease | Polyuria
Polydipsia
Increased/decreased urination
Weightloss
Cystocentesis
Urinalysis - Dipstick
Refractometer
Urinalysis
SG – Normal Dog/normal cat |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Cushing’s Disease | Polyuria
Polydipsia
Bilateral Alopecia
Pot bellied appearance
Thinning hair
ACTH Stimulation test
Dexamethasone suppression
ALT raised
ALKP raised
Cholesterol
Urinalysis – Low SG
No Glucose |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Diabetes Mellitus | Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Haematology and Fructosamines
Urinalysis
Urinalysis - Glucose
Ketones
Fructosamine – Serum (brown)
Glucometer – Increased Glucose
SG – Low |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Hyperthyroidism | Polyphagia
Weight Loss
Hyper excitability
Tachycardia
Palpable goitre
T4 Sample to be obtained
Collected – Plain serum tube
Increased -Thyroxine levels |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Addison’s Disease | Anorexia, vomiting, Hypotension, weakness, bradycardia
Bloods for electrolytes
Plain Serum
Na : K
Low levels or cortisol
Electrolytes |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Hypothyroidism | Bilateral alopecia
Pot bellied appearance
Weight gain
Lethargy
Bradycardia
Total T4
Collected – Plain serum tube
Decreased -Thyroxine levels |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Hepatic Disease | Hepatitis
Icterus/jaundice
Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Weight loss
Fatty/pale faeces
Biochemistry
Bile acid stimulation test
ALT raised
ALP raised
Albumim raised |
| Disease/Condition
Clinical Signs
Sampling techniques
Tests – Normal/Abnormal Parameters for Diabetes Insipidus | Marked Polyuria
Marked Polydipsia
Vomiting after drinking large amounts
Weight loss
Haematology and biochemistry
Water deprivation test
Urinalysis - Glucose
SG – Very Dilute <1.009 |
| Incised | Clean cut caused by sharp object. (eg. Glass, scalpel blade)
Bleeding may be profuse, especially if wound is large or deep |
| Lacerated | Wound causing tearing of tissue and uneven edges (eg. Barbed wire)
Bleeding is likely to be less severe than incised wound but likely to be more contaminated |
| Abrasion(graze) | Superficial wound where full skin thickness is not penetrated
Embedded dirt or foregin body may be present |
| Contusion | Blunt blow that has ruptured capillaries below the surface
May be associated with a deeper injury (eg. Fracture) |
| puncture | Small external wound but often associated with significant deeper damage
Often cause by dog or cat bite |
| Gunshot | Nature of wound depends on gun
Entry wound may be small but associated with possible significant internal damage |
| ideal temperature for hospital and isolation kennels | 18- 23 degrees celsius |
