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Eye Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Uvea | middle vascular layer (one of the three main layers) |
| acuity | accuracy, sharp perception |
| Define Adnexa | accessory structure |
| Adnexa of the eye | eyelids, eyelashes, nictitating membrane, conjunctiva |
| proptosis | forward projection/displacement of the eyeball |
| strabismus | cross eyed |
| nystagmus | involuntary rapid movement of the eyeballs |
| anisocoria | inequality in the size of the pupils of the eyes |
| enucleation | removal of an organ or other mass intact, as of the eyeball from the orbit |
| cataract | a clouding of the lens of the eye, or its surrounding transparent membrane that obstructs the passage of light |
| buphthalmos | enlargement of the eye |
| blepharitis | inflammation of the eyelid |
| nictitating membrane | third eyelid |
| OS | left eye |
| OD | right eye |
| OU | both eyes |
| Outer fibrous layer | sclera (white part) cornea (protrusion at front of eye) |
| Middle Vascular layer (Uvea) | choroid iris ciliary body |
| Inner nervous layer | retina optic disc macula |
| What is the sclera and what is its purpose | White part of the eye that accounts for 3/4 of the fibrous layer helps maintain the shape of the eye |
| what is the choroid and what is its purpose | vascular membrane that contains blood vessels supplies almost all of the blood to the eye |
| What is the difference between the ciliary body and the lens? | the ciliary body is an extension of the choroid and is composed of muscles. the ciliary body adjusts the shape and thickness of the lens |
| What is the retina? What is its purpose? | The retina is the posterior (back) segment of the eye Receives images and sends signal to brain regarding the image, contains photoreceptor cells (cones, rods) |
| What are photoreceptor cells? What ones do animals have? What do they react to? | Neurons, sensory receptors for light: Cones and Rods Cones and Rods Cones and Rods, react to light |
| What is the anterior segment composed of? | Anterior chamber (located between caudal surface of cornea and cranial surface of iris) Posterior Chamber (located between caudal surface of iris and cranial surface of lens) |
| What is the posterior segment composed of? | vitreous humor (jelly like mass) |
| Are dogs color blind? | \no. Dogs seemingly can see color to some extent. They have a lot of rods (light reaction) but very few cones (color/fine detail) so the color may appear to be washed out, faded |
| When doing an exam ,what intraocular structures should we look at? | retina, fundus, lens, optic nerve, macula, anterior chamber |
| When doing an exam, what extraocular structures should we look at? | cornea, iris, sclera, eyelashes, eyelid, conjunctiva, nictitating membrane, skin/fur |
| What are some physical abnormalities we might note? | Strabismus- abnormal eye position inflamed conjunctiva red sclera tear production pawing at the eye squinting |
| What are three tests to assess vision? | 1. Tracking: take object move infront of animal to see if they follow/track it 2. Maze- put animal in unfamiliar en., create a maze (in full, low, dim light) 3. Menace- cover one eye, make menacing motion toward other, expect pull back or blink |
| What is a subconjunctival injection? | injection under the conjuctiva to medicate the anterior uveal tract |
| At what position should we instill drops or ointment? | 12:00 position |
| How long should you wait to adminster a second eye medication | at least a minute |
| What is IOP and how can we measure it? | Intraocular pressure Shiotz's tonometry/digital tonopen (measures how much pressure is on the inside of the eye) |
| What is conjunctivitis | inflammation of the conjuntiva |
| What is hyperemia? | redness |
| what is chemosis? | swelling? |
| Is conjuntivitis in cats more likely to be infectious or non-infectious? | infectious conjuntivitis |
| What is epiphora | result of overproduction of tears or faulty drainage by lacrimal ducts |
| what can we do to test the patency of nasolacrimal ducts (whether they are open) | flushing of nasolacrimal ducts |
| What commonly causes epiphora? | blockage of the lacrimal duct by swelling or inflammatory cells |
| What is blepharitis? | inflammation of the eyelid |
| What is the difference btween eylid tumors in dogs vs. cats? | dogs- most eyelid tumors are benign cats- most eyelid tumors are malignant |
| What are some signs of entropion? | rolling inward of the lid margins, pain, presence of ulcer on cornea, redness |
| ectropian? | lid eversion, conjunctivitis, drainage from the eye |
| describe cherry eye and the treatment for it | prolapse of the third eyelid gland surgery is the only treatment |
| what is keraconjunctivitis sicca? | loss of treat production from the lacrimal gland of the eye |
| What are some causes of KCS? | viral infections, drug-related toxicties, immune mediated diseases, inflammation, breed disposition, congental abnormalities |
| How do we diagnose KCS? | Perform a Schirmer tear test (normal test is 13-25mm/min) |
| What are 2 common treatments for KCS? | Tear stimulation with cyclosporine Topical artificial tear ointments/drops to help keep eye lubricated |
| What is the definition of Glaucoma? | If more aqueous fluid produced than leaves the eye |
| What is the difference between primary and secondary glaucoma? | Primary is congenital and secondary is an obstruction of the drainage angle (neoplasm, ureitis, lens luxation [lens slips out of place]) |
| How do we test for Glaucoma? | measure IOP (schiotz tonometer, digital tonopen) Gonioscopy (exam iridocorneal) |
| How quick can vision be lost, if glaucoma is not treated? | 4 hours |
| What are a few options to treat glaucoma? | Drugs to reduce pressure oral medications to reduce amount of aqueous humor eye drops to help increase drainage of fluid form the eye eye enucleation |
| What are some causes of corneal ulcers? | trauma, chemicals, foreign objects, eye diseases (entropion) |
| How do we diagnose corneal ulcers? | fluorescein dye applied to cornea perform complete eye exam |
| what do we never wnat to use in the eye if there is an ulcer? Why? | Medications containing steroids slow the healing process |
| What makes of the uvea? What is anterior uveitis? | Iris, choroid, cilliary body inflammation of the uvea |
| What is the treatment for retinal atrophy | there is not treatment |
| What is the difference between senile nuclear sclerosis and cataracts? | In senile nuclear sclerosis the lens becomes more compact with fibers. The lens is still clear and the animal can see through it. In cataracts the capsule that encloses the eye is disrupted. The animal will not be able to see through it. |
| What is the treatment for nuclear sclerosis | There is no treatment for nuclear sclerosis |
| What is the treatment for cataracts? | surgical removal of cataract no treatment if cataract is small, uncomplicated |
| What is progressive retinal atrophy? | decrease in size of normally developed retina |
| In a Shiotz's tonometry test, the lower the reading on the tonometer scale, the ______ the intraocular pressure | higher |
| What are normal results of shiotzs tonometry for a cast and dogs? | 25-15 mm/Hg |
| what are normal results of a schirmer tear tests for cats and dogs? | 13-25 mm/min |
| What is the purpose of the flushing to nasolacrimal ducts? | -determine patency -relieve minor obstruction of nasolacrimal duct |
| What is the purpose of staining the cornea? | -determine presence, location, and severity of corneal ulcers -demonstrate patency of nasolacrimal duct |
| what is the 2nd layer of the cornea called? | stroma |
| What are the two causes of infectious conjunctivitis? | Feline Herpes Virus (FHV) Calicivirus |
| What are some causes of non-infectious conjunctivitis? | -immuned mediated -allergy induced -anatomic conjuntivitis (ectropian, entropion) - eye injury - bacterial & viral conjunctivitis |
| What is epiphora? | the redult of the over production of tears or faulty drainage by lacrimal ducts due to a blockage or trauma |
| What is the difference between epiphora and KCS? | epiphora is the over production of tears and KCS is the loss of tear production |
| Failure to treat KCS results in what? | blindness |
| Define Entropion. Is this more common in dogs or cats? | Eyelid rolls in against the cornea. -dogs |
| Define Ectropion. | The eyelid is excessive and droops outward. |
| If more aqueous fluid is produced than ____ the eye, glaucoma results | leaves |
| When testing for glaucoma, should you dilate the pupil? | No |
| Cones are associated with what? | color and fine detail |
| Rods are associated with what? | react to ligth |
| what is another name for the optic disc? | blind spot |
| What part of the eye do we see the best and why? | Macula Has greater density of photoreceptor cells |
| What color will a normal retina reflect? | yellow or green |
| Does the PLR (pupillary light response) assess vision? | No, this is a neurological test |
| When doing a subconjunctival injection you should give no more than how much of medication at one location? | Give no more than 0.25 ml at one location. If need more, use another location |
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