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VET1250 FINAL REVIEW
VET 1250 Final Review - A&P II Harrison College
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three functions of blood? | Transport-CO2,O2,hormones,nutrients,waste products Regulate-Homeostasis,pH(7.4),buffer system,body temp Defense-WBCs,phagocytosis |
| What two components make up the liquid portion of blood? What percentage? | Plasma and serum, 55% |
| What components make up the cellular portion of blood? What percentage? | Erythrocyts, leukocytes, thrombocytes (platelets) 45% |
| From top to bottom, what are the layers of a centrifuged (spun-down) sample of blood from a purple top tube? | Top-Plasma Middle-Buffy coat (leukocytes) Bottom-cellular components (erythrocytes) |
| What is in a a purple top tube? | Heparin and EDTA (anticoagulants) This creates an absence of fibrogen in the cellular portion ((I.E. PLASMA on top)) |
| What gives plasma its yellow color? | Bilirubin |
| What are the three plasma proteins found in plasma? | Albumin, globulin, fibrogen |
| How is plasma different than serum? | Pasma - whole blood MINUS cells Serum - whole blood MINUS cells and clotting elements (prepared first by allowing blood to clot) |
| How would hydration status affect plasma color? | Dehydration = elevated bilirubin concentration = deeper yellow color of plasma |
| What are three gases found in plasma? | O2, CO2, Nitrogen |
| What are 6 plasma lipids, amino acids, metabolic wastes, and electrolytes? | Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate ions |
| What is the protein that gives RBCs their red color, and enables them to carry O2 | Hemoglobin |
| This is a product of heme breakdown | Bilirubin |
| Three characteristics of a mature RBC | biconcave, round, anuclear |
| This is the pigment portion of RBCs, and contains iron atoms, produced in the mitochondria | Heme |
| This is the protein portion of RBCs, produced by ribosomes | Globin |
| __ heme groups attach to __ globin molecule(s) | 4 heme groups attach to 1 globin molecule |
| This is the formation of RBCs | erythropoisis |
| In young animals, erythropoisis occurs mainly in the _______ and ________, while in adults it occurs in the ___________. | Young animals - spleen and liver adult animals - bone marrow |
| ______________ is a hormone that is produced and secreted by/from the _________, usually when hypoxia is detected. | Erythrpoietin is produced/released from the KIDNEYS |
| This is the term for when RBCs lose their deformability (becomes rounder, and are no longer maximally functional | Senescence |
| Thrombocytes are also known as | platelets |
| The parent cell of platelets are | Megakaryocytes |
| Term for platelet production | Thrombopoisis |
| How does a megakaryocyte become a platelet? | As megakaryocyte develops, it undergoes incomplete mitosis--nucleus divides but not cytoplasm--ends with increased nuclei but one cytoplasm--megakaryocyte doesnt leave bone marrow, but rather breaks off into small chunks as platelets into circulation |
| These cells are round, contain many purple granules in the cytoplasm, and contain clotting factors | platelets |
| what is clotting factor 1? | Fibrogen |
| what is clotting factor IV? | Calcium |
| What are the three functions of platelets? | 1. Maintain vascular integrity 2. stabilization of the hemostatic plug 3. platelet plug formation |
| Fibrogen converts to __________ with the help of thrombin | fibrin |
| Term for leukocyte production | granulopoisis - occurs in the bone marrow |
| 3 granulocytes | neutorphil, basophil, eosinophil |
| what do all three granulocytes have in common? (2) | segmented nuclei and cytoplasmic granules |
| 2 Agranulocytes | Lymphocytes, monocytes |
| Another name for the heart muscle | myocardium |
| at what level is the heart in horses? | between the 2nd and 6th ribs |
| where does blood that has just been oxygenated in the lungs flow next? | Left atrium |
| what is the name for the connection between the right and left atrium in the fetus? | foramen ovale |
| What part of the heart forms the tip of the apex? | left ventricle |
| Which heart valve has two flaps? three? where in the heart are they located? | Two flaps - Mitral or bicuspid valve - seperates the left atrium and left ventricle Three flaps - tricuspid valve - separates the right atrium and right ventricle |
| what is the path of electrical conduction in the heart? | SA Node --> AV Node --> Bundle of His ((right and left branches of AV bundle)) --> Purkinje fibers |
| How do you determine the total blood volume of an animal? | Animals weight in lbs X 7% (or .o7) Ex) 675lb X 7% = 47.25 lbs of blood |
| Which valves close during systole? | left AV and right AV ((systole=contraction=blood get out...left and right AV must close to prevent backflow during contraction)) |
| Which WBCs help protect the body from parasites? | Eosinophils |
| Closing of the semilunar valve corresponds to which of the following? S1, S4, S4, S2? | S2 |
| Globulins assist in | fighting infection |
| What immunoglobulin is made during the first exposure to an antigen? | IgG |
| To what does oxygen attach in RBCs? | Iron that is part of heme group |
| Which WBC directly attacks microbes? | T lymphocytes |
| What does the T wave in an ECG represent? | repolarization of the ventricles |
| __________ immunity is the production of antibodies (or immunoglobulins) by plasma cells | Humoral immunity |
| The first blood vessel in systemic circulation is the | aorta |
| __________ are the largest WBCs in an animals circulation | monocytes |
| The QRS complex represents the | depolarization of the ventricles |
| The most abundant type of solute in the blood plasma is | plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrogen) |
| After antigenic stimulation, ________ transform into plasma cells | B Cells |
| The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium | Mitral, or bicuspid |
| Portion of gray matter of the spinal cord that conducts sensory impulses | dorsal horn |
| Middle of the major branches of the brachial plexus | median nerve |
| section of the brain responsible for subconscious functions | cerebellum |
| The central nervous system is made up of the (2) | Brain and spinal cord |
| Section of the brain responsible for learning, intelligence, and awareness | cerebrum |
| Nerve found on the medial surface of the thigh near the femoral artery | Sciatic nerve |
| Structure of the brain made of nerve fibers that connect the R and L hemispheres | Corpus collosum |
| nerve cell, basic functional unit | Neuron |
| Middle layer of the meninges | arachnoid |
| Type of nerve that carries messages away from the brain to the rest of the body | Motor Nerve |
| Fold in the cerebrum and cerebellum | gyrus |
| What part of the brain is responsible for autonomic functions such as respiratory and cardiac control? | Brain stem |
| Cranial Nerve VII | Facial Nerve |
| Connective tissue layer the covers the brain and spinal cord | Meninges |
| Shallow fissure that separates the the gyri | sulcus |
| Conscious movement of the forelimbs, turning your head when your name is called, and walking across the street to jump in a puddle are all examples of (Somatic OR Autonomic)? | Somatic |
| Decreased heart rate, constriction of blood vessels, pain, reflexes, and increased peristalsis in the GI tract are all examples of (Somatic or Autonomic)?? | Autonomic |
| Name two common reflexes used out in practice | Stretch, withdraw, and extensor reflexes |
| Nicotinic and muscarinic are ___________ receptors | cholinergic |
| Alpha1, Beta1, and Beta2 are ________ receptors | adrenergic |
| Beta1 receptors affect the | heart |
| Beta2 receptors affect the | bronchioles |
| Alpha1 receptors affect the | blood vessels |
| Epinepherine and Norepinepherine affect the __________ nervous system | sympathetic |
| Acetylecholine affects the ___________ nervous system | parasympathetic |
| During the relative refractory period, the cell may depolarize if | the stimulus is much larger than normal |
| Norepinepherine is broken down by | catechol-O-methyl transferase in the CLEFT AND monoamine oxidase in the synaptic KNOB |
| neuronal supportive cells are called | neuroglia |
| The parasympathetic nervous system releases __________ from its __________________ axons | acetylecholine from its postganglionic axons |
| This supplies a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and O2 to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| This happens during repolarization | Potassium ions move out of the cell |
| The ___________ nervous system controls involuntary nervous system function | autonomic |
| The brainstem includes the | pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata |
| The electrical difference in charges across a neuron cell membrane is called | resting membrane potential |
| Cells that produce myelin for cells OUTSIDE the brain and spinal cord are | schwann cells |
| Increased HR and force of contraction are the result of stimulating ((receptors)) | Bets2-adregenic receptors in the heart |
| reflex that assesses the depth of anesthesia | pupillary light reflex |
| Which of the following neurotransmitters is a catecholamine? endorphin, dopamine, acetylecholine, or enkaphalin? | Dopeamine |
| The gray matter of the spinal cord contains ((hint: grey matter=NOT myelinated="naked" cells)) | neuron cell bodies |
| Cells that are important in the blood brain barrier are the | astrocytes |
| An influx of ______________ into the synaptic knob results in the fusing of vesicles | calcium |
| Sensations from the GI tract are provided by this nerve | Cranial Nerve X; Vagus |
| An action potential can be described as | a large change in electrical charge from - to + inside the cell |
| This: separated the axon end of one neuron from the next dendrite, is a gap between neurons, and is crossed by a chemical | Synapse |
| Two types of cells found in the nervous system | neurons and glia cells |
| Cells that produce myelin for the cells of the brain and spinal cord are ((ie. INSIDE the cns)) | Oligodendrocytes |
| _________________ can be either inhibitory or excitatory | Acetylecholine |
| Somatic reflexes involve _________ muscle | skeletal |
| Spinal nerves are in the _________ nervous system | peripheral |
| During ____________, sodium ions move into the neuron | depolarization |
| Nicotinic and muscarinic are names for _________ receptors | Cholinergic |
| T/F? The sodium-potassium pump moves potassium ions from inside to outside the neurons cell membrane? | FALSE |
| MSH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, and GH are all released by the | Anterior Pituitary |
| Oxytocin and ADH are released by the | Posterior pituitary |
| PTH is released by the | parathyroid gland |
| Calcitonin, T3, Calctriol, and T4 are released from the | Thyroid gland |
| Norepinepherine, epinepherine, aldosterone, and cortisol are released from the | adrenal gland |
| Erythropoietin is released from the | kidneys |
| Insulin, glucagon are released from the | pancreas |
| Progesterone, and estrogen are released from the | ovaries |
| testosterone is released from the | testes |
| This hormone prevents hypercalcemia by encouraging excess calcium to be deposited in the bones. | Calcitonin |
| This hormone prevents hypocalcemia by increasing the blood calcium levels should they fall from normal limits. | PTH, or parathyroid hormone |
| What are the three groups of hormones produced in the adrenal cortex? | Glucocorticoid, mineral cortizoid hormones, and sex hormones |
| What are three effects that glucocorticoids have on the body? | causes blood/glucose levels to rise, maintain blood pressure levels, and resists the effects of stress. |
| What does aldosterone effect, and what does it target? | aldosterone affects the lecels of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions. It targets the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and exchanges K+ and H+ ions to be excreted in the urine. |
| What are the two sex hormones? | Androgens-male sex hormone(testosterone) Estrogens-female sex hormone |
| What are the 4 hormones that have a hyperglycemic affect in the body? What is the only hormone that act to lower blood-glucose levels? | Raise blood-glucose = glucagon, GH, and glucocorticoids. Lower = Insuin |
| Name the 4 types of sensory stimuli | Mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and chemical |
| What is nociception? | the process of experiencing pain |
| Name the parts of the external ear | pinna, external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane |
| Name the parts of the middle ear | ossicles (incus, stapes, malleus), and the opening of canal |
| Name the parts of the inner ear | Cochlea, organ of Corti, cochlear duct, and the techtorial membrane |
| A deficiency of ADH in the body causes the disease | diabetes insipidus |
| this hormone helps trigger and maintain lacation | prolactin |
| testosterone is a steroid with an overall ________ effect | anabolic |
| In most animals, ovulation occurs when this hormone reaches its peak | LH |
| This is a mineralcorticoid that causes sodium ions to be reabsorbed by the kidneys back into the bloodstream in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions | aldosterone |
| LH is also known as | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) |
| This plays an important role in blood clotting, milk secretion, and muscle contraction | calcium |
| Two hormones in addition to glucagon function to raise blood glucose levels are | GH and glucocorticoids |
| Somatropic hormone works to promote the __________ effect | hyperglycemic |
| Calcitonin functions to prevent ____________ | hypercalcemia |
| The posterior pituitary gland receives these (2) hormones from the hypothalamus | ADH and LH |
| Secretin and cholecystokinin are produced by the | pineal body |
| TH affects metabolism similar to | GH |
| The pituitary gland is also known as the | hypophysis |
| This hormone stimulates the lining cells of follicles in the female to produce estrogen | FSH |
| This produces progestin hormones needed to maintain pregnancy | corpus luteum |
| In males, spermatogenesis is stimulated by | FSH |
| What is the primary function of the resp system? | to bring O2 into the body, and to express CO2 out of the body |
| What are the secondary functions of the resp system? ((4)) | Phonation, acts as an acid/base balance/buffer system, body temp regulation, and sense of smell |
| What are the structures of the upper resp tract? ((4, sometimes 5)) | Nares, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and sometimes the trachea |
| Structures of the lower resp tract ((3)) | Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli |
| The nasal lining is resp for ((3)) functions | humidifying, warming, and filtering inhaled air |
| What is a paranasal sinus? | ciliated outpouchings of the nasal passages contained within paces in certain skull bones. help catch and sweep away dust and particles away from the lungs. |
| What are the three main functions of the larynx? | Voice production (phonation), prevents inhalation of food particles, and controls airflow in and out of the resp tract |
| Name the 4 major cartilages found in the larynx | arytenoid, cricoid, tyroid, epiglottis |
| What structures/organs are found in the mediastinum | heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic tissue |
| The mechanical resp system controls | routine inspiration/expiration limits ((stretch receptors alert the brain when the lungs are full/empty)) |
| The chemical resp system controls/monitors | levels in the blood and directs adjustments in the breathing--CO2 levels, pH, and O2 levels. |
| Parietal cells produce | hydrochloric acid (HCl), intrinsic factor (Ca++ absorption) |
| Chief cells produce | pepsin(ogen), gastric lipase |
| Mucous cells produce | mucous, bicarbonate |
| G Cells produce | Gastrin (stimulates parietal cells to release HCl) |
| What are the three receptors on the parietal cells that stimulate HCl production? | Gastrin, histamine, and acetylecholine |
| This is released in response to >amts of fats and proteins in duodenum; it decreases contraction of the antrum, body and fundus | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| This can cause to fundus to relax, can inhibit peristalsis of the body and antrum to slow gastric emptying | Secretin |
| This increases the production of HCl, and inhibits muscle activity of the fundus | Gastrin |
| ______________ enhance blood flow to the stomach, stabilize lysosomes w/in gastric cells, stimulate mucus production, aid healing, regulate macrophages and mast cells | Prostoglandins |
| These produce their antiinflammatory effect by blocking the production of inflammatory prostoglandins | NSAIDs |
| Which compartment is the 'true' stomach of the ruminant stomach? | Abomasum |
| What is rumination? | Rumination is when a ruminant animal brings swallowed food back up the esophagus into their mouths for additional mastication. |
| What is eructation? | Eructation is the expelling if CO2 gas from the rumen. |
| What organ produces bile? Where is it stored? How does it reach the intestine? What stimulates bile secretion into the small intestine? | Bile production-Liver. Stored-Gall bladder. Reaches intestine-common bile duct. Stimulant for bile secretion-CCK |
| This organ produces bile, metabolizes drugs/toxins/fats, produces proteins, stores glucose as glycogen and vitamins. | Liver |
| How does insulin affect the bodys blood-glucose level? Glucagon? | Insulin works to lower the blood-glucose level. Glucagon raises the blood-glucose level. |
| The most important muscle of inspiration is the | Diaphragm |
| What organs play a part in both lubrication and digestion (of food)? | Salivary glands |
| Blood is pulled into the large veins in the mediastinum and returns to the heart -- this is a result of | negative thoracic pressure |
| Baby teeth are also called | deciduous teeth |
| The stomach, small and large intestine are all line with what type of cell? | simple columnar epithelium |
| What layer of small intestine has villi with brush borders? | mucosal |
| Carnivores do not produce this type of enzyme in their saliva | amylase |
| Which is a function of the Liver? Prouction of: *ascites *aminopeptidase *RBCs *cholesterol | Liver = production of cholesterol |
| All of the following are paranasal sinuses except: *sphenoid sinus *mandibular *frontal *maxillary | The mandibular sinuses are NOT paranasal sinuses |
| parasympathetic stimulation affects the salivary glands how? | it causes salivation |
| the inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in the | medulla |
| Oxygen in the lung converts __________ to ____________ | hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin |
| What happens to increased amts of mucous produced in the trachea? | It is coughed up |
| In ruminants, this compartment is a series of muscular sacs separated from each other by long, muscular folds of wall called pillars | Rumen |
| The thyroid cartilage (adams apple) is part of the | larynx |
| Where are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase produced? | Pancreas |
| This is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas, its job is to move glucose from blood into the bodys tissues, and is antagonized by glucagon, which is produced in alpha cells in the pancreas | Insulin |
| If the CO2 level in blood decreases, the pH usually _________ and respiration___________- | CO2 level decreases = pH RISES and respiration DECREASES |
| What cells are located in the pylorus and body of the stomach? | Parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous cells |
| What are the main expiratory muscles? | internal intercostal, and abdominal muscles |
| Ruminants have _____ upper incisors | 0 |
| Carnivores and herbivores typically have flatter occlusal surfaces for grinding on which teeth? | molars |
| _________ is a sugar that can be transported across the brush border cell membrane and absorbed into the body | Glycogen |
| Secretions from the pancreas empty into what part of the digestive tract? | Duodenum |
| This drug is commonly used as a preanesthetic agent to block acetylechline receptors on parietal cells | Atropine |
| Name the 6 structures that make up the urinary system | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra |
| This fluid, that once it enters the capsular space, is very similar to plasma except that it contains almost no proteins. | Glomular filtrate |
| Once the glomular filtrate moces to the proximal convoluted tubule, it is now known as | tubular filtrate, or primitive urine |
| Name three mechanisms by which the kidneys get rid of waste | Filtration of the blood, reabsorption of useful substances back into the blood stream, and secretion of waste products from the blood into the tubules of the nephron. |
| The blood in these vessels contain the least amount of waste in the body | renal vein |
| The cortex of the kidney is the (outer/inner) part | outer part |
| __________ is the basic functional unit of the kidney | nephron |
| Aldosterone causes the reabsorption of ____________ in the distal convoluted tubule | Sodium |
| Micturation, voiding, and urinating all mean the same thing; emptying of the bladder. T/F? | True |
| Where/what cavity are the kidneys located? | They are located retroperitonially |
| The renal pelvis drains into the | ureter |
| What percentage of all tubular reabsorption iccurs in the proximal convoluted tubules? | 65% |
| The cup-shaped part of the nephron is also known as the | Bowman's capsule |
| What percentage of amino acids are glucose in the tubular filtrate are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules? | 100% |
| What condition occurs when urine is produced but cannot be removed from the bladder? | Retention |
| Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs in the | peritubular capillaries |
| Nitrogenous waste in the blood is the result of ________ catabolism | Nitrogenous waste = Protein catabolism |
| This is the indented area on the medial side of the kidney | Hilus |
| Insufficient production of ADH by the posterior pituitary can result in | polyuria |
| This is the part of the nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tube | Distal convoluted tubule |
| The cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus help regulate | blood pressure |
| The movement of substances from the blood into the renal tubules is called | secretion |
| The movement of substances out of the renal tubules into the blood capillaries is called | Reabsorption |
| The kidneys do not play a vital role in regulating: H2O balance pH balance electrolyte balance blood-glucose levels | pH balance |
| This is part of the renal tubules, and is a network of blood capillaries | The glomerulus |
| This hormone is at its highest concentration level when an egg is released from the ovary | LH |
| Because of this hormone, males can smell impending ovulation, and indicates that estrus is coming | Progestins |
| When __ is at its highest level, ovulation occurs, egg(s) are released, and mating is allowed | LH |
| Insemination must occur during this period | estrus |
| During this period: formation of the corpus luteum | metestrus |
| The corpus luteum produces/releases __________, causing the uterine wall to thicken | Progesterone |
| This hormone aids in the transportation of spermatozoa through the cervix to the oviducts | Oxytocin |
| Capacitation is the | release of enzymes from the acrosome to allow the sperm to enter the egg |
| For fertilization to be sucessful, the sperm must arrive in the oviduct (before/at the same time/after) the egg? | Before |
| After __ weeks, the embryo is called a fetus | 8 |
| What are the three stages of early embryonic development? | Cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis |
| This organ attaches the fetus to the mother, contains the umbilical cord, and provides nutrients and waste removal for the fetus | Placenta |
| This layer surrounds the fetus | Amnion, amniotic sac |
| This layer surrounds the amniotic sac | allantois |
| This layer surrounds the allontic sac and attaches it to the uterine lining | Chorion |
| Spermatazoa are produced in the | semiferous tubule |
| Spermatozoa are stored in the | epididimys |
| The three main functions of the male repro system | Produce male sex cells, produce male sex hormone (androgens), deliver spermatozoa to the female |
| The head of the spermatozoa contains the ___, and is covered by a cap like structure called the ___________- | DNA, acrosome |
| The midpiece of the spermatozoa is called the power-plant because | it contains energy producing mitochondria |
| The newly formed primary spermatocyte contains _______ chromosomes | diploid |
| Primary spermatocytes divide via | meiosis |
| Secondary spermatocytes contain a _________ number of chromosomes, and divides via | haploid, mitosis |
| After mitosis, the spermatocytes are then transported to the ___________ where they mature and grow ________-- | epididimys, grow tails |
| This is the functional unit of the testes | Semiferous tubule |
| What are the two main functions of the testes? | Spermatogenesis, hormone production |
| These cells produce male sex hormone; where are they located? | Interstitial cells, located in the seminiferous tubules |
| This muscle controls the contraction/relaxation of the scrotal position | Cremaster muscle |
| These cells produce male sex hormone under the influence of LH | Interstitial cells |
| These cells are also known as 'nurse cells'; they provide mechanical and nutritional support, and shield the sperm from the bodys immune system | Sertoli cells |
| Sertoli cells produce a small amount of ____ under the influence of______ | estrogen, under the influence of FSH |
| Another name for Interstitial cells is | Leydig cells |
| Semen is (?)% spermatozoa and (?)% fliud and glandular secretions | 5% sperm, 95% fluid |
| What are the three accessory repro glands? | Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland |
| Two main functions of the ovaries | produce ova, produce hormones ((estrogens, progesins (progesterone)) |
| Two female hormones produced in the ovaries, two female hormones produced in the pituitary | Ovary-estrogen, progestin Pituitary-FSH, LH |
| (term) develop ovum w/in a follicle, release from the follicle | ovulation |
| term for an animals that produces only one mature ovum per cycle | uniparous |
| term for an animal that produces multiple ovum per cycle | multiparous |
| Granulosa cells produce | estrogen |
| ____ influences ovulation | LH |
| This hormone maintains pregnancy | Progesterone |
| Ovulation results as the rising level of __, leading to the rupture of the mature follicle and release of ovum into the oviduct | LH |
| Formation of the corpus luteum is under continuous __ stimulation | LH |
| __________ cells that line the blood filled follicle begin to multiply again, forming a solid yellow structure, aka | Granulosa cells, corpus luteum |
| This is where fertilization takes place | oviduct aka fallopian tubes aka uterine horn |
| This is where a fertilized egg implants | uterus |
| the myometrium is make up of ______ muscle | smooth |
| This period is when the female is receptive to the male (in heat) | Estrus |
| The estrous cycle is controlled by the a. pituitary homones (2) | FSH, LH |
| Cycle continuously throughout the year; cattle, swine | Polyestrus |
| Cycle continuously at certain times of the year; horses, cats, sheep | Seasonally polyestrous |
| Two cycles per year, once in spring and fall; dogs | diestrous |
| Cycle only once per year; foxes, minks | Monoestrous |
| List the stages of the estrous cycle | Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus, Anestrus |
| A physical characteristic of proestrus is | cornification of the vaginal epithelium |
| What hormones affect proestrus? | FSH, LH, estrogen |
| Follicular development is .. | primary follicle --> growing (secondary) follicle --> mature follicle |
| During estrus, ______ peaks, ___________ production begins, ovulation occurs | estrogen peaks, progesterone production begins |
| Granulosa cells produce | estrogen |
| During metestrus, __________ will inhibit follicular development in the ovary causing the lining of the uterus to become thick | progesterone |
| If no fertilization occurs, __________ levels drop, and the corpus luteum will ___________ | Progesterone drops, corpus luteum degenerates |
| Placenta attachment is spread diffusely in | pigs and horses |
| placenta attachments is in small, separate and numerous attachemnt sites, aka cotyledonary | cattle sheep, goats |
| zonary placenta attachments | dogs, cats |
| discoid placenta attachments | humans |
| ________ stimulates the contractions of parturition | oxytocin |
| this hormone increases the sensitivity to oxytocin | Prostaglandins |
| During parturition, _________ decreases | progesterones |
| What are the three stages of parturition? | uterine contractions, delivery of newborn, delivery of placenta |
| These two hormones are responsible for mammary gland development | Prolactin (LTH) and GH |
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