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Equine Nutrition MT2
Cal Poly Equine Nutrition, ASCI 346 - Midterm #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 10 dietary essential amino acids? | Phenylalaline Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methione Histadine Arginine Leucine Lysine |
| Formula for determining crude protein | [N] x 6.25 = CP |
| What is "NPN"? | Non protein nitrogen |
| What is coprophagy? | Consumption of feces. This may help to recover nutrients. |
| Digestion of crude protein begins in the ______ and _______. Crude protein is then absorbed in the ______. | Digestion: stomach & SI Absorbed: illeum |
| Protein requirements in the horse for: -minimal -average -elevated | Minimal: 1.08 CP/BW/KG/Day Average: 1.26 CP/BW/KG/Da Elevated: 1.44 CP/BW/KG/Da |
| How to calculate Lysine requirement in relation to CP. | 4.3% x g CP |
| Differences in CP for pregnant mares? | From fertilization to 4 months: no change 4 mo to birth: increased CP requirement |
| General Energy provided by fatty acids. | 9.5 kg |
| How many times more energy do fatty acids provide over CHO and proteins? | 2.25 |
| 2 main dietary essential FAs | Linoleic - 18:2 Linolenic - 18:3 |
| Where can we find linoleic acid? | Sunflower and corn oil |
| Where can we find linolenic acid? | Flaxseed, linseed, and cold-water fish |
| Seed and fruit oils (like corn oil) are more or less palatable? | More |
| Rice bran, wheat germ, and animal sources are more or less palatable? | Less |
| As you increase fat, you decrease ___, ____, and ____. | Decrease Amino Acids, Crude Protein, and Starch |
| True or false: there cannot be a EFA deficiency in a horse. | True |
| NRC suggests ____% linoletic acid on a DMB. | .5% |
| Too much fat can have a negative effect on ______. | fermentation |
| What is the average airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow? | Depends - African, or European Swallow? =D Made you laugh. |
| What is Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism? (besides a very long name...) | A metabolic bone disease that results in bone demineralization. At the basic level, it results from hypocalcemia. |
| Describe two dietary factors that can lead to hypocalcemia and consequently, Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. | -Deficient Ca intake in the diet AND/OR -XS Phosporus intake (side note: oxalates can reduce Ca+ availability) |
| Explain the results of decreased serum Ca levels in relation to Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. | Decreased serum Ca levels = increased parathyroid hormone = increased bone resorption (breakdown of bone) = increased renal Phosphorus excretion. |
| Cereal grains are a poor source of _____ and _____. | Calcium and Lysine |
| What are the predisposed dietary factors that cause Enterolithiasis? | -Increased mineral content and alkaline pH w/in the colon -high intake of N (protein), P, and Mg -free ammonium combines w/phosphorus and Mg causing struvirte crystals -ALFALFA HAY: xs free ammonium + xs Mg + more digestibility (decreased motility) |
| What are management factors that can cause Enterolithiasis? | -restriction to indoor/confined space -feeding rate |
| What feeds (when fed in excess) can assist in causing Enterolithiasis? | -Alfalfa hay (high in protein, Mg) -Wheat, rice, and rye brans (high in protein, Mg, P) |
| What the are the "water factors" that can lead to Enterolithiasis? | -alkaline pH -xs mg (in our area) |
| Does a higher (alkaline) or lower (acidic) pH in the GIT create the potential for Enterolithiasis? | alkaline |
| What are the exercise factors that lead to Enterolithiasis? | -decreased activity -decreased GIT motility -feeding less frequently (=decreased GIT motility) |
| True or false: there are genetic factors that can lead to Enterolithiasis? | True |
| What can we do to decrease the possibility of Enterolithiasis? | -Decrease: long stem alfalfa, bran as a supplement, alfalfa meal -Introduce lower digestible grass hays: decrease pH, increase gut motility -increase exercise -increase in the number of feedings -identify genetic lines |
| Water is good in the horse. | Totally. |
| Total percentage composition of body water: | 40% intracellular 20% extracellular 16% interstitial 4% plasma 1-2 % transcellular |
| 3 water sources: | -free sources -food water -metabolic water |
| Of Proteins, Lipids, and CHOs, which provides the most water? | LIPIDS |
| How much water do the following provide (in g/substrate): -CHO -Lipids -Proteins | CHO: .6 g/substrate LIPID: 1.12 Protein: .37 |
| How much water is provided through metabolic water? | .68 L/100 kg BW |
| 5 different ways for water to be lost and how much is lost per day/100kg/BW) | -Respiration (1.6-3.3L) -Perspiration (varies) -Uriniation (1/2 L) -Fecal Loss (largest, at 3-3.8L) -Lactation (my increase mares intake of water by 34-37%) |
| What screws with urination levels in the horse? | Na+ and protein |
| What can increase water intake in the horse? | -Increased fiber -increased Na -increased K |
| If horses decrease their food/DM intake, will water intake increase or decrease? | Decrease. |
| How much water does the average horse consume? | 5L/100kg/BW/day |
| Is there a change in water intake for horses that are pregnant? | Nope. |
| High pectin levels mean increased or decreased mineral bioavailability? | decreased. |
| There are two types of vitamins. What are they? | Water and fat soluble. |
| Qualities of fat soluble vitamins. (5) | -stored in fat -slow turnover -CAN accumulate over time -high toxicity risk -need fat in the diet to be absorbed |
| Qualities of water soluble vitamins (3). | -excreted rapidly -lost in urine -limited storage |
| Why was the racehorse named Bad News? | Because bad news travels fast. |
| What is the animal form of Vitamin A? | Retinol - it has high toxicity risks. |
| What is the plant form of vitamin A? | Beta Carotene |
| Which fat soluble vitamin NOT have a NRC requirement? | Vitamin K (because the microbial organisms in the gut make it for the horse) |
| 1mg B-carotene = ___ IU of Vit A | 400 |
| What is the recommended Vit A requirement for the horse? | 30 IU/kg VW |
| What are possible issues with a Vit A deficiency? | vision night blindness |
| How does vitamin D react with Ca? | It stimulates absorption of Ca in the intestine. |
| VIT D requirement for horses: | 6.6 IU/kg BW |
| Vitamin D2 is found in ____ sources while vitamin D3 is found in ____ sources. | D2: plants D3: animals |
| Excess Vitamin D can lead to: | -increased absorption of Ca in soft tissues = mineralization of organs |
| What is the upper safety limit of Vitamin D? | 44 IU/kg BW |
| Which fat soluble vitamin is most labile (most susceptible to breakdown)? | Vitamin E |
| Vit E is an ______, meaning it prevents oxidative damage in the cell. | antioxidant |
| Vitamin E can be found naturally or synthesized. Naturally, it is found in.... | RRR and alpha tocopherol (raise your hand if you have no idea what those are...) |
| Which vitamin requirement is based on the amount of fat in the diet? | Vitamin E. |
| What does Vitamin K assist in? | Blood clotting |
| What are the three source/forms of Vitamin K? | -plants -chemical -microbial organisms |
| The four big fat soluble vitamins: | -Vit A -Vit D -Vit K -Vit E |
Created by:
ahypnaro
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