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Swine Medicine
Veterinary Swine Medicine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a mature female pig that has had one or more litters called? | Sow |
| What is a young female pig from birth to 1st parturition called? | Gilt |
| What is a sexually intact male pig called? | Boar |
| What is a castrated male pig called? | Barrow |
| What is the term for parturition in pigs? | Farrowing |
| How are sows housed? (2) | Individual stalls Group pens |
| How are boars housed? (2) | stalls individual pens |
| What is the most common method in breeding sows? | AI |
| How is the boar semen prepared? | Fresh semen used because boar semen does not freeze well Semen is collected on-site or obtained from boar stud |
| What is the term for breeding a single boar and sow when mating is observed? | Hand mating |
| What is the term for when a boar is housed in a pen with a group of sows and mating may not be observed? | Pen mating |
| What is the detection days for post-breeding a sow? | 18-24 Average = 21 days |
| When can you diagnosis pregnancy post-breeding a sow? | 4-6 weeks post-breeding |
| What is the gestation length of a sow? | 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days) |
| When are sows moved to the farrowing room? | 2-7 days before due day (usually 1-2 days before hand) |
| Why are sows placed in farrowing crates? | Reduces crushing losses |
| When are piglets weaned? | 2-6 weeks old Usually around 3 weeks |
| When are pigs moved to the nursery? | At ~3 weeks old/10+ lbs |
| What is a major concern when housing piglets? | Hypothermia |
| How long do piglets remain in the nursery? | Until 50+lbs (~7 weeks) |
| How long do pigs remain in the grow/finish barn? | Until market weight (250-280+ lbs) (~100-120 days) |
| Name the production barns in order for breeding pigs. | Breeding/Gestation --> Farrowing --> Nursery --> Finishing |
| What is the term for when all production stages of pig breeding are on the same site? | Farrow-to-Finish |
| What is he term for when production stages of breeding pigs are on different sites? | Multi-site Production |
| Which production procedure is more efficient? Farrow-to-Finish or Multi-site? | Multi-site Production |
| What is a commercial Operation? | Producing/growing pigs destined for slaughter |
| What is a Seedstock operation? | Raising pigs sold to commercial producers for replacement animals (breeders) Not market animals |
| What is a Boar Stud operation? | Collecting semen from boars |
| What is the term for the protocol to help prevent new diseases from being introduced to a farm? | Bioexclusion |
| What is the term for the protocol to help prevent the spread of diseases on the farm that are already on that farm? | Biomanagement |
| What is the term for the procedure to help stop any diseases that are on the from from spreading to other outside farms? | Biocontainment |
| What is the most common way diseases are transmitted to a herd? | pig-to-pig transmission |
| How long should new gilts/boars be isolated before entry into a herd? | At least 30 days (60-90 days better) |
| What is the minimum distance hog operations should separate from other hog farms? | At least 5 miles |
| What disease is of most concern when cats enter a hog barn? | Toxoplasmosis |
| What is considered the most stressful stage of a pig's life? | Weaning |
| By weaning, a piglet must ______ it's weight from birth. | quadruple |
| What are the procedures (4) for pig "processing"? | Iron injections Tail docking Tooth clipping Castration |
| Why do piglets need an iron injection? | Sow milk does not provide adequate iron |
| Why is tail docking a common procedure in piglets? | Reduces the incidence of "tail biting" in growing pigs (does not prevent it) |
| Why are male piglets castrated? | To prevent "boar taint" (boar odor in pork products) |
| True or False: endemic mortality in piglets is often caused by disease | False (often due to management issues) |
| What is a sudden deviation from normal levels of endemic pre-weaning mortality? | Epidemic--often due to disease |
| What are the most common causes of pre-weaning mortality in pigs? Which one is most common? | Crushing (most common) Starvation Chilling Disease (All are interrelated!) |
| When is the highest risk of crushing piglets? | 1st 72 house after birth |
| What can piglet crushing be associated with? | older parity sows Larger litters Weak/sick piglets |
| Describe the two main management procedures (2) to reduce starvation in piglets. | Cross-fostering: moving piglets from a large litter to a sow with a small litter Split-suckling: remove half the litter to let other half suckle for 30min-1hour, then reverse process |
| What is an important factor to determine which agent is involved in piglets with diarrhea? | Age of piglet |
| What is the age of onset in piglets for the following diseases? E. Coli Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coccidiosis Rotavirus | E. Coli: < 12 hours Transmissible Gastroenteritis: 2 days Coccidiosis: 5 days Rotavirus: 5 days |
| What does E. Coli produce that causes clinical signs? | Enterotoxins (ETEC) |
| What is the pathogenesis of E. Coli? | 1) Bacteria are ingested and attach to small intestinal villi 2) Enterotoxins produced 3) Excessive secretion of fluid by crypt cells (alkalinic diarrhea) |
| What are the clinical signs of E. Coli in young piglets? (3) | watery diarrhea dehydration may see high mortality |
| How should you prevent E. Coli? | Minimize the challenge, maximize the immunity |
| True or False: Exposing gestating dams to farrowing room waste is a good way to increase immunity to E. coli. | True |
| What environment is Coronavirus stable in that causes concern? | stable when frozen |
| How is Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) transmitted? (2) | Oral or oronasal transmission |
| What is the pathogenesis of TGE? | destroys small intestinal epithelial cells villous atrophy leads to malabsorptive diarrhea |
| Which parts of the intestine are mostly affected by TGE? | jejunum and ileum |
| What age of piglets are susceptible to TGE? At what age is mortality the highest in TGE? | All ages of pigs affected Mortality very high in pigs < 4 weeks old |
| What are the clinical signs of an acute TGE outbreak? | vomiting diarrhea |
| How is TGE diagnosed? (4) | gas and yellow fluid in the SI gross lesions of villous atrophy FAT on sections from SI ELISA test |
| What is the concern of sows infected with TGE? | Sows that are ill and have all piglets die may not come back into estrus normally |
| What si the concern of boars infected with TGE? | fever associated - can negatively impact semen quality |
| What is the common etiology of Coccidiosis? | Isospora suis |
| Coccidiosis -- disinfectants | highly resistant |
| What is the pathogenesis of Coccidiosis? (5) | oocysts sporulate in 12 hours at farrowing room temperature ingested - passage through stomach cuases excystation sporozoites penetrate entercytes and replicate infections can be patent in 5 days causes mild erosion of villous epithelium |
| What are the clinical signs of Coccidiosis? (4) | mild, creamy diarrhea beginning at 1-3 weeks of age high morbidity, low mortality low weaning weights, long haired pigs no response to antibiotics or vaccines |
| When may you see oocysts of coccidiosis in fecal floats? | starting 2 days after onset of diarrhea |
| What are the signs of coccidiosis in a post mortem exam? | fibrino-necrotic membrane in jejunum/ileum moderate villous atrophy mucosal smears |
| True or False: There is an aproved treatment for coccidiosis in swine | False |
| Which is more important for removing coccidiosis from stalls: cleaning or disinfecting? | cleaning |
| What is the most common group of Rotavirus that affects swine? | Group A |
| True or False: Rotavirus is susceptible to disinfectants. | False: very stable virus - resists disinfection |
| How is Rotavirus transmitted? | oral infestion |
| What is the pathogenesis of Rotavirus? | mild to moderate villous atrophy --> diarrhea |
| What are the clinical signs of Rotavirus? | 1-6 weeks old pigs mild, watery diarrhea low mortality |
| Why is the vaccine for Rotavirus not commonly used on sows? | common natural immunity |
| How is Clostridial Enteritis transmitted? | shed by sows and consumed by piglets |
| What is the pathogenesis of Clostridial Enteritis? (3) | bacteria attach to microvilli and produce necrotizing toxin toxin causes necrosis and epithelial desquamation bacteria can penetrate intestinal wall and enter peritoneal cavity |
| At what age are piglets usually affected by Clostridial Enteritis? | < 1 week old |
| What types of Clostridial Enteritis case bloody diarrhea? | Clostridium perfringens type C and type A |
| Clostridial Enteritis: _____ morbidity, _____ mortality | high, high |
| How long do piglets survive with a Clostridial Enteritis infection? | die in 4-8 hours |
| How is Clostridial Enteritis diagnosed? | PM: necrosis and hemorrhage of SI, bloody fluid and gas in intestine Mucosal smear: gram-positive rods |
| When is the best time to administer antibiotics to piglets for survival? | before the diarrhea starts |
| At what temperature should a pig nursery be kept at? | 85 degrees |
| What product should the feed in a pig nursery be based on? | milk |
| What is another name for Exudative Epidermitis? | "Greasy Pig" |
| What is the etiology of Exudative Epidermitis? | Staphylococcus hyicus |
| True or False: Staphylococcus hyicus is a normal inhabitant of pig skin. | True |
| What is the pathogenesis of Exudative Epidermitis? (3) | Requires skin wound to cause disease Produces exotoxin that attacks the stratum granulosum Can enter through damaged skin to cause systemic infection |
| What are the clinical signs of Exudative Epidermitis? | Dark, crusty, greasy lesions skin is red and fissured under the crus Can be localized or generalized |
| Where do lesions usually appear first in Exudative Epidermitis? | face |
| What are the clinical signs in Exudative Epidermitis is the infection becomes systemic? (3) | depression off-feed death |
| How can you control Exudative Epidermitis outbreak? | reduce humidity in barns clip needle teeth |
| What is the treatment of Exudative Epidermitis | IM antibiotics (penicillin) Topical treatments Euthanize severely systemically ill pigs |
| What is the major concern of Streptococcal Meningitis? | Potentially Zoonotic |
| How can you destroy Streptococcus suis? | soaps and disinfectants can survive in environment for long periods in dust, manure, or dead pigs |
| What are the clinical signs of Streptococcal Meningitis? | Neurological signs (ataxia, head tilt, circling, recumbency, paddling) Also associated with pneumonia, polyserositis, septicemia |
| How do you diagnose Streptococcal Meningitis? | Post-mortem -Suppurative meningitis --Cloudiness at base of brain -Polyserositis -Endocarditis -Pneumonia Look for bacteria in brain smear Swab lesions for culture |
| What is the treatment for Streptococcal Meningitis? | Remove affected pigs from pen Good nursing care IM antibiotics |
| Can you vaccinate for Streptococcal Meningitis? | Yes |
| What is the etiology of Glasser's Disease | Haemophilus parasuis (Common inhabitant of pig nasal passage) |
| What is the pathogensis of Glasser's Disease? | Localizes in serous-lined cavities and meninges Causes vascular damage (inflammatory exudate) |
| What are the clinical signs of Glasser's disease? | acute onset of lameness CNS signs (ataxia, tremors recumbency) high fever cyanosis and edema |
| How do you diagnose for Glasser's Disease? | Post-morteum -Polyserositis Culture and sensitivity |
| What is the treatment of Glasser's Disease? | IM antibiotics (penicillin) |
| What is a method to control Glasser's Disease? | Vaccine |
| What si the etiology of Mycoplasma hyorhinis? | Bacteria commonly found in nose and upper respiratory tract of young pigs |
| What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma hyorhinis? | sudden onset fever Reluctance to move Swollen joints |
| How do you diagnose Mycoplasma hyorhinis? | post-mortem -Rule out other infections |
| How do you treat/control Mycoplasma hyorhinis? | Individual pig treatment Prophylactic in-feed medication if a recurring problem |
| What is the etiology of Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD)? | Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) |
| What is the pathogenesis of PCVAD? | Unknown |
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