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Equine Nutrition, CP
Cal Poly Equine Nutrition, ASCI 346
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Three forms: | Zebrines Caballines Hermiones (Kiang) |
| Description of Zebrines molars: | V shaped linguaflexid molars |
| Description of Caballines molars: | deep u-shaped linguaflexid molars |
| Description of Hermiones molars: | shallow v- or u-shaped linguaflexid |
| What period did the earliest horse appear? | Eocene |
| What period did an influx of grass occur? | Miocene |
| What two prehistoric horses appeared in the miocene epoch? | Merychippus Pliohippus |
| What period did the equus become extinct in NA? | Pliocene |
| What were the four different populations that were domesticated? | Coldblood Warmblood Tarban Afro-turkic |
| Evidence that the horse is a continual grazer: | limited stomach capacity limited stomach retention time no gallbladder |
| Time that horses graze on average (for those calculation questions...) | 17 hrs |
| 4 parts of the GIT | Headgut Foregut Midgut Hindgut |
| QUICK! What's included in the Headgut? | Lips Tongue Dentition |
| QUICK! What's included in the Foregut? | Esophagus Stomach |
| QUICK! What's included in the Midgut? | Small Intestine Pancreas Bilary System |
| And finally... What's included n the Hindgut? | Cecum Large Intestine Rectum |
| 87% of dental disorders occur with the _______ and ______. | Premolars Molars |
| Dental formula: deciduous teeth | DI: 3/3 DC: 0/0 DP: 3/3 NO MOLARS |
| Permanent Male Teeth Dental Formula | I: 3/3 C: 1/1 P: 3-4/3 M: 3/3 |
| Permanent Female Teeth Dental Formula | I: 3/3 C: (1/1) P: 3/4 M: 3/3 |
| The permanent adult teeth of a horse are: | moliform and hypsodont. |
| The mandibular displacement of a horse is greater or shorter when consuming long stem forages as opposed to pelleted feed. | GREATER |
| The length of the esophagus is: | 120-150 cm (or the height of Amy...sans boots) |
| The type of cells in the esophagus are.... | stratified squamos non-glandular epithelia |
| Retention time of the stomach | 2-6 hrs |
| The Saccus Ceacus includes ______: | microbial fermentation |
| What is the Margo Plicatus? | The seam between the non-glandular and glandular epithelium |
| What portion of the stomach is non-glandular? Glandular? | Non: Saccus Ceacus Glandular: Fundic Region |
| What portion of the GIT is important for the breakdown & absorption of CHO, amino acids, and lipids? | Midgut |
| The first portion of the Duodenum has a pH of ____ and the later portion has a pH of ______. | 2.5-3.5 7.0-7.5 |
| The Jejunum and Ileum both are attached to messentary and have a pH of ____. | 7.8-8.2 |
| What is the point of the neutral(ish) pH of the jujunum and ileum? | Perfect for: -enzymatic activity -active transport of nutrients |
| The ileum is a major site of _____, ____ _____, and _____ absorption and digestion. | protein, amino acid, mineral absorption |
| The Hindgut is responsible for absorbing.... | VFAs and water |
| The type of enzymatic activity in the Hindgut is.... | alloenzymatic/ DON'T FORGET IT! |
| The cecum has how may teniae and how many haustra: | Tenia: 4 Haustra: 4 |
| What is absorbed in the cecum? | VFA's |
| How many teniae in: Right Ventral Colon: Left Ventral Colon: Left Dorsal Colon: Right Dorsal Colon: Pelvic Flexure: Decending Colon: | Right Ventral Colon: 4 Left Ventral Colon: 4 Left Dorsal Colon: 1 Right Dorsal Colon: 3 Pelvic Flexure: 1 Decending Colon: 2 |
| What is the point of flexures and sacculations? | To create compartments |
| Total GIT retention times | 33.8 h liquid 42.7 h particulates |
| Plant palatability influences: | Availability Physical Characteristics Location Maturity Quality Grass vs legumes (aka...species) |
| Factors that affect grazing times: | gender of animal physiological demand breed herd/gregarious behaviors |
| It takes longer to consume ___ than ____. | Hay than grain |
| VDMI means ____ and is about ____% of the horses BW. | Voluntary dry matter intake 2% |
| Digestibility = ______________ - ________________ / ___________ | Digestibility = consumed - excreted / consumed x 100 |
| Gross energy is also know as: | total potential energy |
| Digestible energy = | Gross energy - fecal energy loss |
| Metabolizable Energy = | Digestible energy - gas production - urine loss |
| Net Energy = | Metabolizable energy - heat increment |
| Maintenance means: | no work no growth no milk (lactation) no foal (gestation) |
| 3 levels of maintenance and their requirements | -Minimum (30.3 kcal ED/kg BW) -Average (33 kcal DE/kg BW) -Elevated (36.3 kcal DE/kg BW) |
| Thermonuetral zone in a horse: | 5-25 degrees C |
| Carbohydrates are found in: | forages and grain |
| Different way to categorize CHOs: | -Simple or complex -Size and Structure (degrees of polymerization) -Structural or non-structural |
| 3 examples of oligosaccharides: | -Fructans -Stackalose -Raffinose |
| 4 examples of polysacharrides: | -Cellulose -Starch -Amylose (non-structural) -Hemicellulose (structural) |
| Monosacharides use ______ linkages and cellulose uses _____ linkages. | alpha 1,4 Beta 1,4 linkages |
| 3 volatile FAs produced from fermentation: | -acetic acid -propionic acid -buteric acid |
| Other resistant CHOSs: | -pectins -B-glucans -raffinose -stachylose |
| Cellulolytic: ____ acetic acid _____ propionic acid | increases; decreases |
| Amylolytic: ____ acetic acid _____ lactic acid | decreases; increases |
| On 100% forage diet, ____% of energy is met from VFA's | 80% |
| What vitamin is produced from fermentation? | Vitamin K (and all the B-complex vitamins!) |
| Maltose is a ____saccharide. | Disaccharide. |
| Acetate is used directly by energy in the horse, but it if it stored, it is stored as..... | long chain fatty acids. |
| Propionate is stored in... | the liver. |
| Propionate in the liver is then used for ________ | gluconeogenesis. |
| Crude fiber is... | the partial measurement of structural CHO. |
| We measure non-structural carbohydrates by using... | Nitrogen Free Extract |
| NDSC = NFC = ______________ | non-structural CHO. |
| As lignin goes up, digestibility goes ______. | down. Lignin is indigestible to auto and alloenzymatic activity. |
| ADF helps measure: | lignin and cellulose. |
| Two types of fermentation: | rapid (CHO Fr) slowly (CHO Fs) |
| Resistant starches cannot be broken down by ____autoenzymatic fermentation. | auto |
| What are some purposes of fiber? | They hold water, increase weight of GIT (which works GIT muscles), is involved with gut health |
| Insufficient fiber can lead to | acidosis colic gastric ulcers increased risk of cribbing and wood chewing |
| How much forage should be fed by body weight on a DMB? | 1% |
| Order of the hindgut. | C: cecum RVC: right ventral colon SF: sternal flexure LVC: Left ventral colon PF: pelvic flexure LDC: left dorsal colon DF: diaphragmatic flexure RDC: right dorsal colon TC: transverse colon SC: small colon R: rectum |
| The number of teniae in each section of the hindgut: | 4 --- C 4 --- RVC 4 --- SF 4 --- LVC 1 --- PF 1 --- LDC 3 --- DF 3 --- RDC 2 --- TC 2 --- SC 0 --- R |
| The three type of hydrolizable CHOs | Organic Acids Sugars - mono/disacharrides Starch |
| Hydrolizable CHOs are susceptible to ____enzymatic activity. | auto |
| The Rapidly Fermentable CHOs: | -Oligosacharrides (including fructooligosaccharides) -fructan polysaccharides -B-glucans -Pectin and Gums |
| The Slowly Fermentable CHOs: | hemicellulose cellulose lignin |
| These can be measured by NFC/NDSC | Organic Acids Sugars - mono/disacharrides Starch -Oligosacharrides (including fructooligosaccharides) -fructan polysaccharides -B-glucans -Pectin and Gums (aka...all the CHO-H and CHO-Fr) |
| These can be measured by NDF: | hemicellulose cellullose lignin |
| This is measured by NDF but NOT by ADF | hemicellulose |
| CHO - H are absorbed in the... | SI |
| CHO -Fs and Fr are absorbed in the... | LI |
| We want to avoid a diet of over __% starch.... | 30 |
| An excess of starch will give you (have fun with these....) | -Increased Amylolytic bacteria -Increased Cellulolytic bacteria -Increased anaerobes -decreased acetate -increased propionate -increased lactic acid -decreased PH -increased risk of: colic, lactic acidosis, laminitis |
Created by:
ahypnaro
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