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VTPB 911 Vir test 2
questions for exam 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
what genus & family is west nile virus? | genus: flavivirus; family: flavivirus |
what genus & family is BVDV? | genus: pestivirus; family: flavivirus |
what genus & family is border disease virus? | genus: pestivirus; family: flavivirus |
what genus & family is classical swine fever virus? | genus: pestivirus; family: flavivirus |
flavivirus: enveloped or not? | enveloped |
flavivirus: symmetry | icosahedral |
flavivirus: size | 50 nm |
flavivirus: structure? | tightly adherend lipid envelope; indistinct peplomers |
flavivirus: group? | (+)ssRNA |
flavivirus: transcription/translation? | cotranslational processing (cleavage as it is being made); make virion (structural proteins) first! |
west nile virus: genus | flavivirus |
west nile virus: basic disease? | encephalitis |
west nile virus: disease cycle? | mosquito-bird (birds can be reservoirs); dead-end hosts: horse, human, other mammals; similar to togavirus |
west nile virus: what species of birds are highly susceptible? | crows, raptors; house sparrow is important in disseminating the virus & has a low incidence of disease (is a carrier) |
west nile virus: pathologic changes in birds | cerebral & cerebellar hemorrhage; myocardial necrosis; splenomegaly; enterocolitis |
west nile virus: pathologic changes in horses | hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (brainstem, spinal cord); many cases are subclinical |
west nile virus: clinical signs in horses | fever; non-specific CNS sings (ataxia, weakness, muscle fasciculations, behavior changes, recumbent, death); 10-50% mortality rate among horses with clinical signs, avg 30%; 40% of survivors have residual clinical signs |
west nile virus: clinical signs in dogs/cats | often asymptomatic; low incidence; fever, depression; muscle weakness, spasms; seizures, paralysis (CNS signs); myocarditis |
what disease should you suspect if an animal has neurologic & cardiac signs? | west nile virus |
what species are susceptible to natural/experimental infection with west nile virus? | cattle, goat, sheep; dog, cat; alpaca, llama; rabbit, deer, wolf, mountain goat, alligator, gray squirrel, chipmunk, bat, skunk, black bear, crocodile, seal |
how many cases of human WNV were in texas in 2011? | 26 cases, 2 deaths |
only state with no reported human WNV in 2011? | maine |
west nile virus: differential diagnoses in a horse? | EEEV, WEEV, EHV-1, RABV, EPM (neurologic signs point to these diseases) |
west nile virus: diagnosis? | IgM capture ELISA (serum, CSF) - detects IgM Ab to recombinant WNV Ag (standard); also: PCR (horse - brain, bird - heart, liver, brain) or HI (serum); difficult to grow virus in tissue culture |
west nile virus: control | vaccination (killed, recombinant, or modified live); mosquito control |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: genus? | pestivirus |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: tissue culture properties? | cytopathic & noncytopathic biotypes |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: persistent infections? | follows in utero infection at 50-125 days |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: acute BVDV infection | generally mild disease; role in bovine resp disease complex; fever (decreased immune system), leukopenia, diarrhea; noncytopathic or cytopathic virus (most NCP) |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: reproductive disorders, congenital defects | abortions, cerebellar hypoplasia, blindness (retinal degeneration/hypoplasia; optic neuritis; cataracts), skeletal malformation; hypotrichosis; growth retardation; incoordination; keratitis; persis. infec; outcome dependent on time of in utero infection |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: mucosal disease | severe disease in PI cattle; erosions, ulcerations in GI tract, diarrhea, lymphopenia; NCP & CP virus! peyer's patch necrosis, depletion of gut-assoc lymphoid tissue; GI ulcers, diarrhea, death; acute (die 1-2 days) or chronic (months); similar to MCF |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: severe acute BVD | hemorrhagic disease; Type 2 BVDV; NCP or CP (mostly NCP); young animals; increased severity of acute infections; thrombocytopenia w/systemic hemorrhages; hemorrhagic diarrhea; may mimic mucosal disease |
4 types of BVDV | acute BVDV infection; reproductive disorders/congenital defects; mucosal disease (acute or chronic); severe acute BVD / hemorrhagic disease |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: healthy calves? | if infected after 150 days of pregnancy |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: homologous/heterologous challenges? | homologous: ncp + cp (same strain) = death; heterologous: ncp + cp (different strain) = Ab response & recovery |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: persistent infections | continually shed BVDV; poor dooers, secondary infections (immunosuppression); stunted growth; may appear completely normal; no Ab response to homologous virus; PI dams will always produce PI calves |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: how does mucosal disease happen? | PI with NCP, superinfection with antigenically similar CP (mutation, vaccination w/MLV vaccine, experimental infection) = replication of CP with absence of immune response |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: diagnosis | virus isolation (whole blood; mucosal/nasal swab); ELISA Ag capture (serum, ear notch); immunohistochem (ear notch); PCR (lymph tissue, blood, milk, ear notch); SN types 1, 2 (serum) |
bovine viral diarrhea virus: control | removal of PI animals; vaccination (MLV, killed, type 1, 2); vaccination may not prevent in utero infections |
Border disease virus | similar to BVDV (antigenically distinct); persistent infections (in utero @ 70-90 days); abnormal hair coat, m tremors (hypomyelination of CNS), abortion/stillbirth/congenital abnormalities; subclin infections in immunocompotent adults |
border disease virus: genus | genus: pestivirus |
border disease virus: alternative name | hairy shaker disease |
classical swine fever virus: alternate name | hog cholera |
classical swine fever virus: genus | pestivirus |
classical swine fever virus: basic pathogenicity | highly contagious systemic disease of pigs; reportable; fever, leukemia, vomiting, diarrhea; replicate in tonsils, LNN; secondary viremia with disseminated infection (endothelial cells, MN cells), vasculitis, hemorrhage |
classical swine fever virus: acute form | highly virulent; fever, hemorrhage, hyperemia, cyanosis, ataxia, convulsions, death (10-20 days) |
classical swine fever virus: chronic form | similar to acute form, but less severe; dullness, diarrhea, erythema, death (>30 days) |
classical swine fever virus: mild form | mild disease with relapses; stillbirths, reproductive failure, neonatal death; persistent infections |
classical swine fever virus: endemic? | asia, central/south america; parts of europe, africa |
classical swine fever virus: transmission | secretions, excretions, semen, blood; vehicles, clothes, instruments, needles, uncooked waste food fed to pigs; transplacental infections -> persistent infections |
classical swine fever virus: Ddx | african swine fever; salmonellosis, erysipelas; BVD |
classical swine fever virus: diagnosis | PCR (NVSL), immunofluorescence, virus isolation; lymphoid tissue or kidney |
classical swine fever virus: control | slaughter affected pigs; burial/incineration of carcasses; vaccination (MLV & subunit vaccines) - not in US |
cross-species transmission of pestiviruses | BVDV-1, BVDV-2 cattle, sheep; BDV-1,2,3 sheep, cattle, goats, pigs; CSFV pigs only, not in US; sheep spread to cattle; wildlife spread to domestics |
seroprevalence of BDV in sheep | 63% of herds; 30% of sheep; rare but endemic in US - may infect pigs, may be mistaken for CSFV - some PCR tests may not differentiate |
coronaviridae: symmetry | helical |
coronaviridae: envelope? | enveloped |
arteriviridae? symmetry | icosahedral |
arteriviridae: enveloped? | enveloped |
coronaviridae: group | (+)ssRNA |
coronaviridae: transcription | nested set of subgenomic mRNAs (discontinuous transcription); genomic RNA -> complementary RNA (-) -> genomic RNA (+) -> subgenomic mRNAs -> viral proteins; stop transcription where the next starts (no duplicates) |
coronaviridae: size | 80-220 nm (big) |
coronaviridae: shape | helical nucleocapsid |
coronaviridae: peplomers? | large (20 nm) (glycoproteins) |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: who is affected? | young pigs <3 weeks |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: general signs | vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration; bowel distended with yellow undigested milk |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: transmission | fecal-oral |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: pathogenesis | infection of enterocytes: short blunted villi (villous atrophy), fusion of villi, altered Na+ transport; malabsorption/maldigestion; loss of lactse & disaccharidases; watery diarrhea, dehydration, death |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: diagnosis | sudden onset of severe diarrhea in suckling pigs; severe villous atrophy of small intestine |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: Ddx | E. coli; coccidiosis; rotavirus (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; not in US) |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: treatment | supportive care; prevent dehydration, starvation, acidosis |
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: control | vaccination results variable (pregnant sows); planned infections of pregnant sows (ground intestine, feces) |
Porcine respiratory coronavirus: similar to what? | mimics TGEV (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) by serology; nonenteropathogenic deletion mutant of TGEV |
Porcine respiratory coronavirus: tropism for what cells? | respiratory epithelium; alveolar macrophages |
Porcine respiratory coronavirus: clinical signs | mild; most infections are subclinical; transient cough (young pigs); interstital pneumonia in association with other viruses (ie PRRSV) (like porcine circovirus, etc) |
Porcine respiratory coronavirus: diagnosis | high Ab titers to coronavirus in absence of enteric disease; coronavirus FA+ lungs, FA- intestine; competitive ELISA (differentiate PRCoV & TGEV); cross-reacts with serology tests for TGEV |
TGEV abroad | reduced incidence of TGEV in EUrope following outbreaks of PRCoV; PRCoV provides immunization against TGEV - Ab's against TGEV without getting the disease; TGEV-free countries require TGEV & PRCoV negative imports |
canine coronavirus: clinical signs | mild enteritis, most severe in young puppes, asymptomatic in older dogs; vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration; transmissible to cats (asymptomatic); not lethal |
canine coronavirus: pathological changes | fusion, atrophy of intestinal villi |
canine coronavirus: diagnosis | immunofluorescence, EM |
canine coronavirus: prevention | sanitation, vaccination (inactivated) |
Feline enteric coronavirus: clinical signs | mild enteritis, diarrhea, vomiting in kittens 6-12wks; subclin infections in older cats; infection limited to GI tract, shed in feces; antigenically similar to FIPV; source of FIPV (deletion mutant) |
Feline enteric coronavirus: occurence | ubiquitous in environment |
Feline enteric coronavirus: diagnosis | serologic tests do not differentiate between previous exposure & disease, don't differentiate between FIPV & feline enteric coronavirus; serologic screening useful for catteries, multi-cat households (ELISA, IFA) |
Feline enteric coronavirus: pathologic changes | fusion, atrophy of intestinal villi |
Feline enteric coronavirus: prevention | sanitation, minimize exposure to infected cats & feces |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: occurence | domestic & wild cats affected (lion, cheetah, serval); higher incidence in young cats (6mo-2yr), multi-cat households |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: transmission | fecal-oral |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: morbidity/mortality | <5% morbidity; >95% mortality |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: cause of disease | deletion mutation of enteric FCoV; high level monocyte-associated viremia; activation of monocytes/macrophages; replicate in macrophages, which carries it to other parts of body |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: clinical signs | fever, depression, emaciation; ascites, dyspnea; *anterior uveitis (inflamm of choroid & iris), *CNS signs; hyperproteinemia; fluid buildup anywhere in body - fluid is thick & viscous |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: pathologic changes | pyogranulomatous inflammation (neutrophils & macrophages); vasculitis, perivasculitis; dry (noneffusive) or wet (effusive) form - straw-red fluid, fibrin, protein; related to CMI response (partial CMI - dry; weak CMI - wet, more severe vasculitis) |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: Ab-dependent enhancement of disease | low CMI & good humoral immune response = worse disease; virus is pulled into macrophages & survive, cell can't get rid of it |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: diagnosis | clinical signs, necropsy; serologic testing of limited value (cross-reactive with enteric coronaviruses); unable to differentiate between previous exposure & disease; useful for catteries, multi-cat households (ELISA, IFA) |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: vaccination | intranasal MLV vaccine, temperature sensitive; consider risk of Ab-dependent enhancement |
feline infectious peritonitis virus: control | early weaning & isolation in endemic households; disinfection, isolation of seropositive cats, admission of seronegative cats |
What does the H in H#N# regarding influenza refer to? | HA; hemagglutinin (1-16); binds to sialic acid residues; fusion of membrane with endosome; neutralizing epitopes; 2 parts: HA1 & HA2, combine into HA0, but must be cleaved to cause infection |
What does the N in H#N# regarding influenza refer to? | NA; neuroaminidase (1-9); cleaves sialic acid residues (sialic acid = sugar on cell membranes) so it can invade another cell; major antigenic determinant; liquefaction of mucous; blocked by oseltamivir (tamiflu) |
Influenza reservoir? | migratory waterfowl (ducks, geese) ;infections in GI tract, virus shed in feces; lots of seasonal outbreaks because of recombination |
what HA subtypes of influenza A are humans susceptible to? | H1, H2, H3, H5 |
what HA subtypes of influenza A are pigs susceptible to? | H1, H3, H5 |
what HA subtypes of influenza A are dogs susceptible to? | H3 |
what HA subtypes of influenza A are catssusceptible to? | H1, H5 |
what HA subtypes of influenza A are horses susceptible to? | H3, H7 |
what HA subtypes of influenza A are birds susceptible to? | H1-H16 |
what is the nomenclature of influenza? | virus type (A, B, or C) / origin / strain number / year isolated (virus subtype) |
influenza: shape | nucleic acid is spherical or filamentous |
influenza: size | 80-120 nm |
influenza: envelope? | enveloped wtih spikes (HA, NA) |
influenza: genome | segmented (8) |
influenza: symmetry | helical: elongated; not icosahedral |
influenza: function of matrix | increases stability; gives envelope shape |
influenza: function of M2 ion channel | takes up H ions to acidify & uncoat virus |
influenza: : cleavage of HA extracellular | low pathogenic avian strains, mammalian strains: cleavage site has changed; restricted to respiratory tract (mammals, non-aquatic birds); instead of trypsin can be cleaved by other proteases |
Avian influenza virus: low pathogenic strains | HA cleaved by trypsin-like proteases; located in upper & lower respiratory tract; viral replication localized to resp tract; if it can be cleaved by diff't protease than trypsin it can affect other body systems (trypsin is restricted to resp tract) |
avian influenza virus: high pathogenic strains | altered HA (insertions, alterations at cleavage site); cleavage by systemic proteases (plasmin); systemic replication of virus; damage to vital organs (spleen, liver, lung, kidney) |
influenza: cellular invasion process | cleave HA, HA binds to sialic acid residue, receptot-med endocyt; H+ influx into endosome, HA conformational change, fusion protein exposed; H+ enters M2 ion channel, uncoat nucleocapsid; fusion of viral envelope to endosome, release mRNA; RNA to nucleus |
function of 5' cap on eukaryotic mRNA | protect mRNA from degradation by ribonucleases; pre-mRNA splicing, direct mRNA export from nucleus; recognition of mRNA for translation; uncapped mRNA is detected as non-self & triggers antiviral immune response (interferons) |
capping of viral mRNA | use cellular machinery (DNA viruses minus poxvirus; retrovirus); viral coding of capping machinery (ssRNA, minus orthomyxo); cap snatching (stealing cap from cellular mRNA) (orthomyxo) |
mechanism for cap snatching | cleave cellular capped mRNA, capped frag serves as primer for viral mRNA synth; polymerase binds to cap from host mRNA, cuts it off & attaches it to viral RNA |
point mutations | random change in single nucleotide; due to lack of proofreading of RNA polymerase; multiple point mutations needed for new strain; passage through multiple hosts necessary |
genetic reassortment | swapping of entire gene segements; mixed infectoin necessary; classic example: pig that gets human & avian flu at the same time |
genetic recombination | swappign of small regions of gene segments; most important in pandemics |
mechanisms of genetic variation of influenza virus | point mutations, genetic reassortment, genetic recombination |
equine influenza: who is affected | young horses 2-6 months |
equine influenza: replication is where | respiratory epithelial cells, impaired cilia |
equine influenza: clinical signs | mild disease, high morbidity; fever, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dry cough; laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis; may develop secondary bacterial pneumonia |
equine influenza: transmission? | highly contagious with rapid spread via aerosol |
equine influenza: length of infection | recovery in 7-10 days to 2-3 weeks |
equine influenza: diagnosis | history (acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease); HI (serum); ELISA (nasal secretions, lung tissue); virus isolation (likely negative once progresses to bacterial infection); human influenza A test kits used to detect equine influenza; PCR |
equine influenza: treatment | rest (3 weeks minimum); supportive care |
equine influenza: control | isolation of new horses, quarantine of infected horses; vaccination (H3N8 & H7N7) - killed & intranasal MLV (temp. sensitive), short-term immunity |
canine influenza: subtype? | H3N8; adaptation of H3N8 equine influenza to dogs |
canine influenza: first cases? | racing greyhounds; hemorrhagic pneumonia, acute death |
canine influenza: morbidity/mortality | all dogs susceptible; high morbidity (80%), low mortality (1-5%) |
canine influenza: clinical signs | fever, nasal d/c; mild to severe resp disease; mistaken for infectious tracheobronch (kennel cough); mild form (80%) low grade fever, persistent/moist/productive to dry cough (10-21 days); severe form (20%) high-grade fever, increased resp, pneumonia |
canine influenza: diagnosis | *HI (serum) acute & convalescent serum (2-3 weeks apart); PCR (nasal swab) - may miss other serotypes; virus isolation (difficult, often negative); flu antigen ELISA kit |
canine influenza: treatment | supportive care |
canine influenza: control | cleaning & disinfection; isolate dogs with respiratory disease; inactivated vaccine - decreased severity/duration, decreased viral shedding, only recommended for dogs at high risk |
feline influenza | fatal H5N1 infections in domestic cats & zoo felids fed virus-infected chickens; diffuse alveolar damage, death, horizontal transmission to sentinel cats, human to cat transmission; opportunity for adaptation to mammals? role of cats in spread of H5N1? |
swine influenza: when are there outbreaks | fall, winter; especially in young pigs |
swine influenza: subtype | H1N1 (n america), H3N2 (europe) |
swine influenza: clinical signs | acute, contaigous, respiratory disease of pigs; fever, nasal d/c, cough, dyspnea; high morbidity, recovery in 5-7 days, may develop bronchopneumonia, may progress to interstitial pneumonia |
swine influenza: diagnosis | history; H1N1 & H3N2 Ab ELISA (serum); virus isolation (nasal secretions, lung); HI (serum) |
swine influenza: treatment | supportive care |
swine influenza: control | management, reduce stress; vaccination (killed, contain H1N1 & H3N2) |
avian influenza: who does it affect | contagious respiratory & systemic disease primarily affecting chickens, turkeys |
avian influenza: low pathogenic (LPAI) clinical signs | sneezing, coughing, sinusitis, may be subclinical; decreased egg production, low morbidity & mortality; endemic? |
avian influenza: high pathogenic (HPAI) clinical signs | severe systemic disease, high mortality (90-100%); mutation from LPAI in poultry; hemorrhage, edema, cyanosis of combs, wattles; tracheal, SQ, skeletal m & visceral hemorrhage; respiratory, digestive & urogenital systems; CNS involvement, sudden death |
H5N1 and humans | H5N1 (asia, europe, near east, africa): human cases/deaths (600 human cases, 353 deaths - 59%) |
avian influenza: LPAI & HPAI | ducks & geese are main carriers because of migration; ducks & geese bring in LPAI & mutates to HPAI in chickens |
avian influenza: Ddx | infectious laryngeal tracheitis; herpes (- comb/wattle symptoms) |
avian influenza: reservoir | migratory waterfowl (esp ducks); infections in reservoir hosts localized to intestinal tract; no disease or subclinical enteric infections; virus shed in feces |
avian influenza: virulence in non-reservoir hosts | related to ease of cleavage of HA |
avian influenza: diagnosis | clinical signs; AGID (serum) basic screening test; ELISA (serum); HI (serum); virus isolation (embryonated chicken eggs); PCR; reportable!! |
avian influenza: prevention/control | vaccination (killed & recombinant vaccines) (state/USDA approval to use); routine disease surveillance; quarantine affected flocks, depopulation; disinfect premises; get rid of low path so it doesn't mutate; US prb because of high density |
influenza & pigs | pigs serve as mixing vessel |
why does flu like asia? | pigs, humans, birds in close proximity |
Paramyxoviridae: genome? | monopartitie |
paramyxoviridae: group | (-)ssRNA |
paramyxoviridae: envelope? | enveloped |
paramyxoviridae: symmetry | helical |
filoviridae: genome | monopartite |
filoviridae: group | (-)ssRNA |
filoviridae: envelope? | enveloped |
filoviridae: symmetry | helical |
bornaviridae: genome | monopartite |
bornaviridae: group | (-)ssRNA |
bornaviridae: envelope | enveloped |
bornaviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
rhabdoviridae: genome | monopartite |
rhabdoviridae: group | (-)ssRNA |
rhabdoviridae: envelope | enveloped |
rhabdoviridae: symmetry | helical |
genus & family of canine distemper virus? | genus: morbillivirus; family: paramyxoviridae |
paramyxoviridae: size | 150-300 nm (big) |
paramyxoviridae: shape | spherical, large peplomers (8-12 nm) |
paramyxoviridae: components of envelopell membrane | hemagglutinin, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase,(some species only have N, both H & N or neither) glycoprotein, fusion protein (so membranes can fuse), matrix, phosphoprotein (on nucleocapside, not envelope) |
paramyxoviridae: steps in membrane fusion | H protein binds to cell receptor; conformational activation of F protein; insert fusion peptide into target cell membrane; infected cell fuses with uninfected cells->decrease form group-> syncytium cell; fusion used in viral penetration, cell-cellfusion |
membrane fusion & pH | paramyxoviridae: neutral pH; influenza: needs H+ ions |
paramyxoviridae: replication | in cytoplasm; attachment via H, HN, or G; cleavage of F-> fusion with cell membrane (neutral pH); viral transcription, replication; glycoprotein patches in membrane; exit via budding; uses stop-start transcription (poly-A tail at end of each segment) |
canine distemper virus: who is affected | acute, highly contagious disease of dogs, ferrets, skunk, raccoon, bears, lions, etc |
canine distemper virus: what cell types does it like | tropism for epithelium & lymphoid tissue |
canine distemper virus: most common systems affected | respiratory & CNS signs typical |
canine distemper virus: pathogenesis | resp epith-> local lymphoid tiss(1wkPI)->systemic lymph(1-2wksPI)-> [humoral/cellular immune response(2-3wks)-> recovery] OR [resp, alimentary, urogen tracts(2-3wksPI) -> clinical signs -> (recovery OR subacute encephalitis OR death)] (2-12wks) |
canine distemper virus: clinical signs | diphasic fever; ocular & nasal discharge, leukopenia, vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, CNS signs (encephalitis, demyelination following initial recovery; paresis, paralysis, convulsions, twitching, chewing-gum fits, paddling); hemorr, inflamm |
canine distemper virus: secondary infections? | yes, due to immunosuppression |
canine distemper virus: old dog encephalitis | years after initial infection; persistence of defective virus |
canine distemper virus: effects on footpads | foodpad hyperkeratosis (hardpad disease); nasal hyperkeratosis; vesicular & pustular dermatitis (abdomen); delayed response due to viral persistence in skin |
canine distemper virus: in utero infection | enamel hypoplasia & loss; destruction of ameloblasts during gestation; |
canine distemper virus: diagnosis | history: unvaccinated dog with fever, respiratory disease, CNS signs; *immunofluorescence (conjunctival scrapings, buffy coat, affected lung tissue), serology (IgM (IFA), ELISA), PCR (CSF, swab, tissue, blood), histopath (interstitial pneumonia, syncytia) |
canine distemper virus: long-term recovery of infected dogs with GI or respiratory signs | fair prognosis with good supportive care; may have permanent damage to mucociliary apparatus; increased susceptibility to respiratory infections; neurological signs may develop up to 3 months after infection |
canine distemper virus: long-term recovery of infected dogs with neurological signs | poor prognosis; neurological damage often permanent |
canine distemper virus: shedding | virus shedding may persist up to 3 months in recovered dogs; separate from other dogs for a minimum of 4 weeks; puppies, unvaccinated, or immunosuppressed dogs: 3 months |
canine distemper virus: vaccination | no evidence for or against use of new caste disease virus vaccine |
canine parainfluenza virus 2: clinical signs | subclinical or mild infection, self-limiting; fever, nasal & ocular discharge; harsh nonproductive cough; sneezing; tonsilitis, pharyngitis; tracheobronchitis |
infectious tracheobronchitis - pathogens | canine parainfluenza virus 2; canine adenovirus 2; bordetella bronchiseptica; "kennel cough" |
canine parainfluenza virus 2: transmission | airborne secretions; nose-to-nose contact; fomites (dishes, hands, etc) |
canine parainfluenza virus 2: vaccination | combination vaccines available; <6 months prior to boarding, showing |
avian paramyxovirus 1: other name | newcastle disease virus |
avian paramyxovirus 1: systems affected | respiratory, CNS, GI |
avian paramyxovirus 1: species affected | chickens, turkeys, some pet & zoo birds |
avian paramyxovirus 1: 3 strains | lentogenic (mild); mesogenic (moderate); velogenic (high virulence); most will be lentogenic or velogenic |
avian paramyxovirus 1: lentogenic strains | low virulence, subclinical or mild respiratory disease; endemic in US; used in MLV vaccines |
avian paramyxovirus 1: mesogenic strains | moderately virulent; <25% mortality |
avian paramyxovirus 1: velogenic strains | reportable! high virulence, severe disease; exotic, periodic outbreaks; 90-100% mortality (viscerotropic velogenic - GI hemorrhage; neurotropic velogenic: resp & CNS disease) |
avian paramyxovirus 1: what is virulence dependent on? | activation of fusion protein by cellular proteases |
avian paramyxovirus 1: clinical diagnosis | respiratory and/or nervous signs; drop in egg production; diarrhea, hemorrhage; periorbital & neck edema, conjunctivitis |
avian paramyxovirus 1: zoonotic? | zoonotic risk for poultry workers (transitory conjunctivitis, flu-like symptoms) |
avian diseases causing tracheal hemorrhages | all are reportable! avian influenza, infectious laryngotracheitis, newcastle |
causes of bovine respiratory disease complex (shipping fever, enzootic pneumonia) | stress: shipping, sale barn, feedlot, crowding, nutrition; bacteria: m haemolytica, p multocida, h somni; viruses: BHV-1, BRSV (bovine resp syncytial virus), BVDV, BCoV, BPIV-3 (bovine parainfluenza virus 3) |
bovine parainfluenza virus 3: uncomplicated infections result in...? | subclinical or mild respiratory disease |
bovine parainfluenza virus 3: pathogenesis | viral replication in alveolar macrophages, respiratory epith; decreased local immunity; damage to mucociliary apparatus; secondary bacterial pneumonia (what kills animal); neutrophils in airways |
bovine parainfluenza virus 3: vaccination | combination vaccines (BPIV-3, BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV) |
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: who is affected? | respiratory disease of cattle, sheep, goats; subclinical or mild in adults; severe interstitial pneumonia in calves <6 mo's; contributes to bovine respiratory disease complex |
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: clinical signs | fever, dyspnea, cough, open-mouth breathing; recovery 1-2 weeks (most cases); severe disease, death if secondary bacterial pneumonia; related to high % of calf pneumonias; most severe disease following initial exposure |
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: pathological changes | pneumonia, bronchiolitis; emphysema; secondary bacterial infection; allows air to escape from alveoli |
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: characteristic features | syncytial cells (bronchiolar epithelium); cytoplasmic inclusions |
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: treatment/control | antibiotics to control secondary bacterial infections; MLV & killed vaccines available |
avian bornavirus: who does it affect? | psittacine birds |
avian bornavirus: size | 100-130 nm diameter |
avian bornavirus: symmetry | icosahedral symmetry; spherical |
avian bornavirus: envelope? | enveloped, with surface glycoprotein spikes (attachment, fusion) |
avian bornavirus: group | (-)ssRNA |
avian bornavirus: where does virus replicate? | nucleus |
Proventricular dilatation disease: other name? | macaw wasting disease |
Proventricular dilatation disease: clinical signs | depression, weight loss; crop stasis, regurgitation, passage of undigested seeds; proventricular dilatation or dysfunction; CNS signs (ataxia, seizures); Death (6-12 months) |
Proventricular dilatation disease: effect on upper GI tract | inflammation of myenteric ganglia & nerves of upper GI tract: esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, duodenum |
Proventricular dilatation disease: organs affected | upper GI tract; brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves; heart; smooth muscle; adrenal glands |
rhabdoviridae: size | 180 X 180 nm |
rhabdoviridae: shape | bullet-shaped; cylindrical (very different) |
rhabdoviridae: envelope? | yes, with peplomers |
rhabdoviridae: symmetry | helical nucleocapsid |
rhabdoviridae: group | (-)ssRNA |
rhabdoviridae: what are negri bodies? | intracytoplasmic inclusions |
rhabdoviridae: transcription/translation | stop-start transcription; poly-A tail at the end of each segment |
rabies virus: escape from host cell? | buds from cell membranes; intracytoplasmic membranes (neurons): little cell destruction (noncytopathic), little immune response, production of negri bodies in neurons; plasma membranes (salivary glands): release of virions into saliva |
rabies virus: where are raccoons a problem/ | eastern US |
rabies virus: where are skunks a problem? | midwest, texas, north US, pennsylvania, california |
rabies virus: where are foxes a problem? | texas, alaska, new mexico |
rabies virus: time span | incubation period (3-8 weeks, but >6 months possible); prodromal phase: change in temperament (2-3 days); furious phase (2-4 days); paralytic (dumb) phase (2-4 days) |
rabies virus: furious phase | aggressive behavior; restlesness, hypersensitivity to stimuli; hypersalivation, paralysis of hypoglossal nerve, pharyngeal muscles; muscle spasms, inability to drink; possible to skip furious phase & go straight to paralytic |
rabies virus: paralytic (dumb) phase | seizures, coma, death |
rabies virus: pathologic changes | encephalitis, perivascular (most severe in dog, mild in ruminants); myelitis, hemorrhage (brainstem & cervical spinal cord; horse, ox); presence of negri bodies in neurons (intracytoplasmic inclusions); hyperesthesia is another clinical sign |
rabies virus: diagnosis | direct immunofluorescence assay of whole brain tissue (ship on ice, don't freeze, send whole brain, negative test may be reported inconclusive/unsatisfactory); monoclonal Ab & PCR analysis of + isolates; texas department of state health services |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: who is affected? | cattle, horses, pigs (sheep, goats) |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: escape from cell? | buds from plasma membrane -> cell lysis (inhibition of RNA transcription) |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: clinical signs | blisters/ulcers - mouth, lips, teats, feet; pain, salivation, slobbering, lameness (2 weeks); tends to show up in just 1 organ system (FMD is in multiple) |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: reinfection? | susceptible to reinfection OR secondary bacterial infections |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: transmission | arthropods (sandflies, blackflies), fomites, direct contact |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: relation to FMDV? | reportable! can mimic FMDV, but is milder, deaths rare in cattle & horses |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: zoonotic? | transmissible to humans (flu-like symptoms) |
vesicular diseases & species they infect | FMD: ox, sheep, pig; VS: ox, sheep, pig, horse; SVD: pig; VE: pig (from eating sea lions) |
differences between VS and FMD | VS: horses affected, sporadic in herd, morbidity lower; small % of animals with lesions at more than one site; no heart lesions; less severe in yougn animals, most cases in adults; stabled animals usually not affected |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: treatment, control | separate infected & healthy animals; stable animals; no movement from infected premises until 30 days after last lesion healed; control insects; disinfection of premises; vaccination (efficacy unknown); don't slaughter like you do with FMD |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: serotypes | multiple serotypes; no cross-immunity; NJ & indiana serotypes predominate |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: when do infections occur most? | late summer, early fall |
Vesicular stomatitis virus: where is it endemic? | central america, northern south america; outbreaks every 10 years in US (begin in early spring along US-Mexico border & spread along riverways - insects possibly responsible) |