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VTPB 911 Vir test 1
questions for exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| estimate the size of poxvirus | 250 nm: arge |
| estimate the size of adenovirus | 90 nm: medium |
| estimate the size of calicivirus | 30 nm: small |
| estimate the size of circovirus | less than 20 nm: very small |
| define virion | nucleic acid + viral protines, lipids, CHO (everything that makes up the virus) |
| define nucleocapsid | nucleic acid + capside; all a virus needs to replicate & transmit to another host |
| what are the 2 steps in viral replication | a) replication of nucleic acid; b) production of new virions |
| requirements for capsid (4) | strong / spontaneous assembly (doesn't use energy/ATP) / made of repeating subunits / subunits symmetrical |
| what type of subunits does icosahedral symmetry have? | triangular |
| what axis(axes) of symmetry are essential for icosahedral symmetry? | 2, 3, and 5-fold are minimum; can have more than this |
| tobacco mosaic virus has what kind of symmetry? | helical |
| rhabdovirus has what kind of symmetry? | helical |
| what kind of symmetry does poxvirus have? | complex |
| define complex symmetry | cannot be defined by a mathematical formula |
| envelope proteins, glycoproteins originate from the virus or from the host cell? | virus |
| lipid envelop originates from the host or the virus? | host cell |
| what viruses are enveloped? | all (-)ssRNA, most (+)ssRNA, 50% of dsDNA |
| what are 3 functions of surface glycoproteins | attachment (receptor-ligand interaction) / penetration (membrane fusion; receptor mediated endocytosis) / uncoating |
| what are the 10 steps of viral replication | 1 attachment, 2 penetration, 3 uncoating, [4 early transcription, 5 early translation] non-structural proteins-replicate nucleic acid, 6 genome replication, [7 late transcription, 8 late translation] structural proteins, 9 assembly, 10 release (bud/lysis) |
| which direction does transcription go? | read DNA strand 3' -> 5'; coding strand creaed 5' -> 3' |
| what does 'monopartite' or 'multipartite' mean? | nucleic acid has 1 part or is in pieces (segmented) |
| differentiate between haploid & diploid | haploid: 1 copy of nucleic acid; diploid: 2 copies of nucleic acid |
| what 4 characteristics are used when dividing viruses into groups? | type of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA, ss, ds) / characteristics of genome (+, -, segmented, ambisense)/ replication strategy / virion structure (envelope, type of symmetry) |
| what are the 5 replication strategies employed by RNA viruses? | post-translational processing (picorna, flavi, toga, calici) / stop-start transcription (paramyxo, rhabdo) / segmented genome (orthomyxo, reo) / nested set of mRNAs (corona, arteri) / reverse transcription (retro) |
| per baltimore classification, what are the groups of viruses? | I: dsDNA / II: ssDNA / III: dsRNA / IV: (+)ssRNA / V: (-)ssRNA / VI: +ssRNA reverse transcribing / VII: dsDNA reverse transcribing |
| what is the goal of the virus? | to make message (mRNA) |
| stability of viruses in -196C (liquid N2) | years |
| stability of viruses in -70C (deep freeze, dry ice) | years |
| stability of viruses in -20C with lypophilization | years |
| stability of viruses in -20C (freezer) | weeks (but freeze-thaw is destructive) |
| stability of viruses in 4C (ice, refrigerator) | few days |
| stability of viruses in 20C (ambient) | hours |
| stability of viruses in 55-60 C (131-140F) | minutes |
| virus isoloation: technique | release virus from tissue sample, culture on appropriate cell line, observe for cytopathic effect (cpe); takes time, expensive; basics - grow virus in cell cultures |
| direct fluorescent antibody (FA): technique | antiviral Ab labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC); Ab applied directly to frozen tissue, smears, cell culture; fluorescence under UV light = presence of viral Ag; primary Ab's are all labeled; quicker than indirect |
| indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA): technique | same as FA but 2-step procedure; 1st Ab unalbeled, 2nd Ab labeled with FITC; cheaper than direct |
| hemagglutination inhibition (HI): principle, procedure, interpretation | some viruses hemagglutinate RBC (HA test), presence of Ab inhibits hemagglutination; titrate serum, add standard amount of virus (previously titrated), add RBCs; presence of HA = absence of Ab, absence of HA = presence of Ab |
| serum neutralization: principle, interpretation | Ab in serum binds to virus, Ab-bound virus is unable to infect cells; absence of cpe = presence of Ab, titer = highest dilution preventing cpe |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): principle & procedure | microplate wells precoated wtih viral Ag, mixture of serum & Mab-HRP added, unbound material washed away, substrate added, color reaction if Ab bound to plate |
| Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID): principle & procedure | diffusion of Ag & Ab in agarose gel, line of precipitation formed with positive Ab; viral Ag in center well, positive controls in 3 wells, test sera in remaining wells |
| egg inoculation: sites of inoculation | chorioallantoid membrane (CAM), yolk sac, allantoic sac, amniotic sac, intravenous |
| electron microscopy: procedure | negative contrast EM (feces): sample homogenized, debris removed, virus pelleted, stained wtih phosphotungstic acid |
| parvoviridae: enveloped? | non-enveloped |
| parvoviridae: size | 20-22 nm diameter (small) |
| parvoviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
| parviviridae: environment? | stable in heat, dessication, disinfectants; rendered nonvirulent by Na+ hypochlorite (30% bleach) |
| parvoviridae: replication | requires S phase (DNA synthesis); loves cells that are constantly replicating; uses host cells' machinery; replicates in Lymphoid tissue (tonsils, lymph nodes), Gastrointestinal epithelium -> clinical signs, & Fetal peri-natal tissue (myocardium) |
| how does the parvovirus genome compensate for its small size? | use of cellular enzymes; alternate splicing/initiation of mRNA -> can make 4 different mRNA's; virion assembly in nucleus; released by cell lysis |
| canine parvovirus 2: origin | mutation from FPLV in 1970s |
| canine parvovirus 2: transmission | shed in feces; ingestion/inhalation |
| canine parvovirus 2: clinical signs | Anorexia, fever, vomiting, dehydration; Diarrhea (can be bloody, but not in all cases), hemorrhagic enteritis, Leukopenia |
| canine parvovirus 2: pathologic changes | Necrotizing enteritis (kill GI epith) [segmented in intestine; Leaking bowels generate fibrin strands; Rough mucosa, redness]; Destroy of crypt cells -> no GIT replication; Lymphoid necrosis (thymus, spleen, LN, Peyer's patches), Myocarditis (if in-utero) |
| canine parvovirus 2: sample case | puppy with vomiting, mild/mucoid diarrhea, worsening; - tests for parvo;EM of small intestinal concents found no virus; Immunofluorescence of small intestine was positive for CPV; Snap tests can give false -bcz the virus is not being excreted anymore |
| canine parvovirus 2: histological changes of small intestine | Crypt necrosis; Loss of villous epithelium; Hemorrhage, secondary bacterial infections (because the epithelium is gone; this kills the dog); Intranuclear inclusions; Can't replace villus -> villi shrink |
| canine parvovirus 2: prenatal/neonatal infections | myocarditis; myocardial degeneration, necrosis |
| canine parvovirus 2: diagnosis | definitive: EM (feces), immunofluorescence (sm int); clinics: ELISA (fecal Ag, serum IgG, IgM), only helpful in the right time pd; other - virus isolation (long time), HI (serum, tests Ab's) |
| canine parvovirus 2: treatment | supportive care, prevent dehydration, antibiotics, tamiflu (neuraminidase inhibitor) |
| canine parvovirus 2: control | vaccination (inactivated, MLV), quarantine, disinfection |
| feline panleukopenia virus: replication | rapidly dividing cells (GI epith, lymphoid tissue [LNN, spleen, bone marrow], fetal tissue) |
| feline panleukopenia virus: clinical signs | Fever, vomiting; Bloody diarrhea, necrotizing enteritis; Leukopenia; Lymphoid necrosis; Abortion, stillbirth; Cerebellar hypoplasia; In utero infections only (Not myocarditis, as in dog) |
| feline panleukopenia virus: prenatal/neonatal infections | cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia; granular cell loss; degeneration/loss of purkinje cells |
| feline panleukopenia virus: diagnosis | clinical signs, leukopenia; EM (feces), HI (serum), ELISA (fecal Ag) |
| feline panleukopenia virus: treatment | supportive care, hydration, antibiotics |
| feline panleukopenia virus: control | vaccination (MLV, inactivated), quarantine infected cats, disinfection (virus excreted in feces, urine, secretions) |
| mink enteritis virus: general characteristics | Disease similar to CPV-2 and FPLV (enteritis, panleukopenia); Genetically more closely related to FPLV than CPV-2; Unable to differentiate from FPLV with most conventional tests |
| porcine parvovirus: pathogenesis | Reproductive disorders (SMEDI complex) - not GI; Resorption (<30 days pregnant); Mummification (30-70 days pregnant); Poor doers or clear virus (>70 days pregnant)-Embryo/fetus can survive |
| define "SMEDI complex" | reproductive disorders: stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility; associated with porcine parvovirus |
| porcine parvovirus: transmission | fecal-oral (contaminated food & water) is primary; semen from infected boars |
| porcine parvovirus: infection of non-pregnant adult swine & piglents | protective immune response; mild or asymptomatic infections |
| porcine parvovirus: control | vaccination prior to breeding (inactivated, MLV); exposure of gilts to older females, fecels of older animals -> can lead to immunity |
| Aleutian mink disease virus: disease in aleutian mink vs non-aleutian mink | aleutian (blue-grey coat color) chronic wasting disease; non-aleutian mink or ferrets - affected to varying degrees |
| Aleutian mink disease virus: transmission | fecal-oral (virus in feces, urine, blood, saliva); persistent infection in alveolar lining cells of the lung -> chronic immune response |
| Aleutian mink disease virus: clinical signs, pathologic changes | Multisystemic plasmacytic inflammation, failure to eliminate virus; Hypergammaglobulinemia; Immune-complex glomerulonephritis with renal failure (deposit in kidneys; Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy |
| Aleutian mink disease virus: control | serologic testing (counterimmunoelectrophoresis, IFA, ELISA); removal of affected mink |
| Circoviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
| Circoviridae: envelope? | non-enveloped |
| Circoviridae: size | 17-22 nm (tiny) |
| Circoviridae: straight or circular? | circular |
| Circoviridae: sense | ambi/- ssDNA (some are each) |
| Circovirus genome | circular (ambi/-)ssDNA -> dsDNA (nucleus); replication via rolling circle mechanism |
| Circoviridae: PCV-2 is what sense? | ambisense |
| Circoviridae: beak & feather disease virus is what sense? | ambisense |
| Circoviridae: chicken anemia virus is what sense? | negative sense |
| who does beak & feather disease virus infect? | Psittacine birds: cockatoos, parrots, lovebirds, parakeets |
| beak & feather disease virus: clinical signs | destruction of cells of feather follicles, beak; elongated & fractured beaks, dystrophic feathering (abnormal growth); immunosupporession with secondary bacterial infections |
| beak & feather disease virus: transmission | oral, respiratory |
| beak & feather disease virus: diagnosis | clinical signs; histopathology: pluck a feather ti send in; PCR - definitive |
| porcine circovirus 2: 2 forms | postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrom |
| porcine circovirus 2: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome - clinical signs | 5-12 weeks old; wasting, unthriftiness, dyspnea, enlarged LNN, hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonia |
| porcine circovirus 2: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome - co-infections | Co-infection with other viruses results in more severe disease; PCV2 alone: mild disease; PCV + "PRRSV or PPV -> severe disease; Activation of immune response enhances PCV-2 replication; Other factors may be involved (ie stress) |
| porcine circovirus 2: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome - diagnosis | ambiguous lesions & concurrent infections make diagnosis difficult |
| porcine circovirus 2: postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome - histopathology | intracytoplasmic botryoid (grape-like) inclusions in macrophages |
| porcine dermatitis & nephropathy syndrome: cause | Porcine circovirus 2 infection suspected |
| porcine dermatitis & nephropathy syndrome: clinical signs | vasculitis (skin, kidneys); skin infarction, membranous glomerulonephritis |
| porcine circovirus 2: example case | 5-week old Yucatan pig; Respiratory disease; Open-mouth breathing; Bronchointerstitial pneumonia with hemorrhage; Fibrin thrombi; Lung: PCV-2 positive |
| asfarviridae: envelope? | enveloped |
| asfarviridae: size | 175-215 nm (large) |
| asfarviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
| asfarviridae: group? | dsDNA |
| asfarviridae: replication? | in cytoplasm (carries enzymes for transcription, replication) |
| asfarviridae: environment? | stable in the env't against heat, pH |
| african swine fever virus: natural hosts | warthog, soft tick, bush pig |
| african swine fever virus: 2 cycles | sylvatic (african) & domestic |
| african swine fever virus: sylvatic cycle | mild/asymptomatic infection; ornithodoros sp (tick) spreads the virus to pigs; african; doesn't go pig to pig, just pig to tick to pig |
| african swine fever virus: domestic cycle | highly contagious; spread by uncooked meat, fomites, tick, secretions; can go pig to pig because pigs are in such close proximity |
| what is the only DNA virus that is arbovirus? (arthropod borne) | african swine fever virus |
| african swine fever virus -replication? | in macrophages/monocytes; lymphatic tissue, vascular system |
| african swine fever virus: host response | animal has a failure to produce neutralizing Ab's |
| african swine fever virus: vaccine | no effective vaccine |
| african swine fever virus: clinical signs | Fever, leukopenia, nasal & ocular discharge; Vomiting, diarrhea (bloody); Cutaneous erythema (*), hemorrhages; Abortion; Not a clear-cut Dx based on Hx; Sphenomegaly (classic to ASF); Renal hemorrhage; Hemorrhagic LNN; Urinary bladder hemorrhage |
| african swine fever virus: reportable? | reportable! |
| african swine fever virus: differential Dx | classical swine fever (hog cholera); erysipelas (erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae); acute salmonellosis; porcine dermatitis & nephropathy syndrome (PCV-2); less virulent strains are difficult to diagnose & may resemble other diseases |
| african swine fever virus: diagnosis | virus isolation (WBV's, spleen, LNN, tonsils); serology (ELISA); PCR; reportable!! |
| african swine fever virus: treatment | no treatment; no vaccine |
| african swine fever virus: control | eradication by slaughter |
| papillomaviridae: general characteristic | warts on skin, mucous membranes; species-specific, but some can jump spp |
| papillomaviridae: envelope | non-enveloped |
| papillomaviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
| papillomaviridae: size | 55nm diameter |
| papillomaviridae: group | dsDNA, circular |
| papillomaviridae: replication | replication & assembly in nucleus |
| papillomaviridae: release from cell | by cell lysis |
| papillomaviridae: resistant? | resistant |
| papillomaviridae: transmission | direct contact, fomites |
| papillomavirus: transcription | early genes: nonstructural (E1-E8); late genes: structural (L1, L2); >20 total mRNAs; circular dsDNA |
| papillomavirus: pathology (stratum basale) | (initial site of infection) Early gene expression Hyperplasia, delayed maturation -> DNA has more time to replicate DNA replication (no virions) |
| papillomavirus: pathology (stratum spinosum) | Late viral gene expression Capsid proteins made Virion production |
| papillomavirus: pathology (stratum granulosum) | Inactivation of p53, Rb (tumor suppressor genes -> inactivation = proliferation -> wart) Papilloma formed Accumulation of virions |
| papillomavirus: pathology (stratum corneum) | Exfoliation of cells Shedding of virions |
| papillomavirus: pathology (general) | epithelial hyperplasia, papilloma formation, intranuclear inclusions, cell swelling & vacuolization; cells continue dividing |
| bovine papillomavirus: subgroups? | subgroup A (fibropapillomas) + subgroup B (squamous papillomas) = 6 varieties |
| bovine papillomavirus: most common sites? | eyes, neck, shoulders |
| bovine papillomavirus: severity | self-limiting; spontaneous regression |
| bovine papillomavirus & neoplasia | BPV-4 + bracken fern: Papillomatosis in GI tract, Neoplastic transformation; BPV-2 + braken fern ingestion: Papillomatosis in urinary bldder, Neoplastic transformation (enzootic hematuria); Can get many types of neoplasia; bracken fern enhances it |
| equine papillomavirus 1 | causes equine papillomatosis; affects nose, lips, inner ear; self-limiting |
| equine sarcoid: cause | caused by bovine papillomavirus 1,2; |
| equine sarcoid: pathology | Neoplasm of fibroblast origin (fibropapilloma); Transmission by direct contact, fomites, insects; Surgical removal, cryosurgery (high rate of recurrence); Most common skin tumor in horse; More like a tumor than papilloma (a benign tumor) |
| canine oral papillomavirus: severity? who does it affect? | contagious disease of young dogs (<2 years); self-limiting, spontaneous regression |
| canine oral papillomavirus: where does it affect? | mucous membranes of mouth, pharynx ("mucous membrane papillomatosis") |
| canine oral papillomavirus: possible other presentations of canine papillomas | cutaneous papillomas (face, ears, limbs of older dogs, solitary); cutaneous inverted papillomas (ventral abdomen); viral etiology not proven; evidence of papilloma virus in some canine squamous cell carcinomas (neoplastic transformation?) |
| feline papillomavirus: who does it affect? severity | young cats (< 5 years); higher prevalence in outdoor cats with exposure to cattle; self-limiting |
| feline papillomavirus: pathology | ulcerated, nodular mass; sarcoid-like benign tumor (feline cutaneous fibropapilloma); head, neck, ventral abdomen, limbs; often misdiagnosed as granulation tissue, fibroma or fibrosarcoma |
| feline papillomavirus: similar to what other virus | bovine papillomavirus-1; (also: feline papillomavirus 1 (COPV?), HPV-17, 9)??? |
| polyomaviridae: envelope? | non-enveloped |
| polyomaviridae: group | dsDNA, circular |
| polyomaviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
| polyomaviridae: size | 40 nm diameter |
| polyomaviridae: replication | nucleus |
| polyomaviridae: severity | inapparent infections (most species); serious disease (psittacines) |
| polyomaviridae: transcription | transctiption of both DNA strands; early gene transcription (T-Ags) clockwise, late gene transcription (structural proteins) counterclockwise |
| avian polyomavirus: who does it affect | common disease of psittacines (esp young budgies 10-20 days old): love birds, finches, canaries, macaws; falcons also susceptible |
| avian polyomavirus: clinical signs | acute lethargy, crop stasis, feather loss/dysplasia; subcutaneous, muscular, and visceral hemorrhages; hepatic & myocardial necrosis; acute disease, high mortality; hemorrhage, myocardial hemorrhage, intranuclear inclusions |
| avian polyomavirus: Dx | PCR (serology for new birds) |
| adenoviridae: replication | in upper respiratory tract, GI tract |
| adenoviridae: longevity | can cause persistent & latent infections in lymphoid tissue |
| adenoviridae: envelope | nonenveloped |
| adenoviridae: group | dsDNA; linear DNA |
| adenoviridae: symmetry | icosahedral; |
| adenoviridae: size | 80-100 nm (big) |
| adenoviridae: penton fibers | penton fibers with terminal knob (bind to host cell receptors -> endocytosis); bind RBCs (hemagglutination), bind cell receptor (attachment) |
| adenoviridae: cellular entry | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| adenoviridae: replication | in nucleus -> intranuclear inclusions |
| adenoviridae: transcription | alternate splicing of mRNA's -> make lots of mRNA from 1 transcript |
| adenoviridae: gene products | 1. Early gene prod: Induce cells to enter S phase, block growth supp genes (p53, Rb), Immune modulation (Block apoptosis, Inhibit MHC I exp (hide from T cells), Inhibit TNF), Prot needed for replic; 2. DNA replicates; 3. Late gene prod: structural prot |
| infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1): who does it affect? | young, unvaccinated dogs (<1 year); rare because of good vaccine |
| infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1): transmission, disease progression | inhalation, ingestion (*urine, feces, saliva) -> *tonsils, peyers patch -> LNN -> viremia -> liver, endoth cells (leaky vessels, hemorrhage), kidneys, eyes (corneal edema) |
| infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1): clinical signs | Depressed, fever, abd pain, vomit, bloody diar; Leukopenia; Conjunctiv, oc/nasal d/c; big/red tonsils; icterus (liver damage), petech hem (vasculitis, low clot fact), high clot times, DIC; Hepatitis, high ALT/AST; Corneal opacity, blue eye; Seizure, coma |
| infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1): dx | TVMDL: virus isolation (urine, feces, oropharyngeal swabs, liver), serum neutralization (paired samples 10-14 days apart), histopath (hepatocellular necrosis, IN inclusions); other: ELISA (Ag detection in feces), IFA (Ag in liver) |
| infectious canine hepatitis (CAV-1): control | vaccination (MLV & killed vaccines) |
| canine adenovirus 2: vaccine | can be used to vaccinate against CAV-1; absence of ocular lesions, not shed in urine; combination vaccines available; <6 months prior to boarding, showing |
| canine adenovirus 2: clinical signs | subclinical/mild infection, self-limiting; fever, nasal d/c; harsh nonproductive cough; tonsilitis, pharyngitis; tracheobronchitis |
| causes of infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) | canine adenovirus 2, canine parainfluenza virus 2, bordetella bronchiseptica |
| equine adenovirus 1: who does it affect? | young horses; foals are thought to be infected at birth from mare; immunocompromised horses will have a subclinical or mild upper resp tract infection; arabian foals with SCID |
| equine adenovirus 1 & arabian foals with SCID | autosomal recessive disease; fever, cough, dyspnea, pneumonia (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) (what kills them), generalized infection, death |
| equine adenovirus 1: transmission | aerosol droplets |
| equine adenovirus 1: diagnosis | history, virus isolation (nasal & ocular swabs, lung tissue), conjunctival scrapings (intranuclear inclusion bodies), histopathology |
| equine adenovirus 1: control | no vaccine available; arabian foals, foals with failure of passive transfer are at increased risk - will get sick around 3 mo's of age (after maternal Ab's wear off) |
| avian adenoviruses: name the 3 groups | 1: inclusion body hepatitis; 2: hemorrhagic enteritis & marble spleen disease; 3: egg drop syndrome |
| avian adenoviruses: group 1 | inclusion body hepatitis; chickens < 6 weeks; hepatitis with inclusions; hydropericardium; no vaccine in US |
| avian adenoviruses: group 2 | hemorrhagic enteritis: turkeys, pet birds; hemorrhagic enteritis, enlarged spleen / marble spleen disease - pheasants, same signs; don't use vaccines for turkets in pheasants & vice versa! |
| avian adenoviruses: group 3 | egg drop syndrome; chickens; soft shells or no shells; loss of pigmentation; vaccine available; horizontal transmission |
| Herpesviridae: envelope | enveloped |
| Herpesviridae: size | 120-200 nm |
| Herpesviridae: symmetry | icosahedral symmetry |
| Herpesviridae: group | linear dsDNA; fried egg appearance |
| Herpesviridae: transmission | close contact; sneezing, secretions; causes persistent & latent (persistent infection w/o production of infectious virus) infections |
| Herpesviridae: alphaherpesvirinae - characteristics | rapid growth (< 24 hours), cell lysis - kills cells in tissue culture & in animal; latent infections; ex) EHV-1, 3, 4; BHV-1, 2, 5; PRV, CHV-1, FHV-1, MDV, ILTV |
| Herpesviridae: betaherpesvirinae - characteristics | slow growth (>24 hours); cytomegaly, latent infections |
| Herpesviridae: gamaherpesvirinae - characteristics | lymphotropic; lymphoproliferative, some oncogenic; latent infections; ex) EHV-5, OHV-2, AIHV-1 |
| herpesviridae: crossing of species barrier | severe consequences! herpes B (mild disease-primates; death - humans), herpes simplex virus (death-primates, mild-humans); malignant catarrhal fever virus (sublinical in sheep/wildebeest; death - ox, white-tailed deer, bison) |
| equine herpesvirus 1: list the 3 forms | respiratory (equine rhinopneumonitis), abortogenic (equine herpesvirus abortion), neurologic (equine herpes myeloencephalopathy) |
| equine herpesvirus 1: respiratory form | equine rhinopneumonitis; mild respiratory disease; weanlings, yearlings, 2yo; fever, nasal d/c, dyspnea, cough; recover uneventfully |
| equine herpesvirus 1: abortogenic form | equine herpesvirus abortion; abortions at 7-11 mos; weak, die in 1-2 days; sudden - healthy up to that day, then it aborts; hepatic & pulmonary necrosis; intranuclear inclusions |
| equine herpesvirus 1: neurologic form | equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM); most dramated; adult horses, high death rate; 2003 epidemic - 30-50% mortality; follows respiratory syndrome by 1-2 weeks; CNS hemorrhage, necrosis, inflammation; intranuc inclusions; NOT prevented by vaccination |
| equine herpesvirus 1: prevalence | widespread throughout the world; most horses exposed; clusters of EHM in certain geographic areas |
| equine herpesvirus 1: disease & age of horse | routinely cuases resp disease in young horses; older horses may transmit virus w/o showing clinical signs; abortion outbreaks, neurologic disease; results in persistent, latent infections w/o clinical signs |
| equine herpesvirus 1: causes of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy | non-neurotropic strains cause 15% of EHM cases; neurotropic strains cause 85% of EHM cases |
| equine herpesvirus 1: transmission | direct or indirect contact; nasal fluid; aborted fetus/placenta; latent infections w/reactivation following stress |
| equine herpesvirus 1: replication | in lymphocytes (cell-associated viremia); vascular endothemlium (vasculitis -> thrombosis -> hypoxia -> abortion) |
| equine herpesvirus 1 & abortions | late-term or weak live-born foal; pulmonary edema; small foci of necrosis in liver, lung |
| equine herpesvirus 1 & live foals | weak, jaundice, respiratory disress; die within 1-2 days |
| equine herpesvirus 1 & neurologic disease | Vasculitis, necrosis of small BV; Hemorr & necrosis in CNS (thrombosis, infarction) (same as what happened in placenta); Mutation of polymerase gene -> enhanced virulence (2003); Vacc during outbreak may lower virus shedding (but won't prevent disease) |
| equine herpesvirus 4 & equine herpesvirus-1 | both cause rhinopneumonitis; more common with EHV-4; stays more local in 4, less likely to cause abortion/CNS problems in 4 |
| rhinopneumonitis symptoms | mild upper respiratory disease; in weanling foals & young race horses; recovery |
| equine herpesvirus 4 | rhinoneumonitis, occasional abortions; occasional neurologic disease; causes latent infections |
| equine herpesvirus 4: replication | respiratory epithelium, associated lymph nodes |
| equine herpesvirus 3: transmission | venereal disease; transmitted by coitus; may be transmitted by intruments, rectal exams |
| equine herpesvirus 3: clinical signs | nodules, vesicles (fluid inside), pustules (pus/neutrophils), ulcers, scarring on: perineal skin, vulva/vaginal epithelium, penis/prepuce |
| equine herpesvirus 3: common name | coital exanthema |
| equine herpesvirus 3: severity | benign infection; heals in 2-3 weeks, unpigmented skin may persist; reactivation of latent virus - don't break clinically affected horses, recognition of new clinical cases, eliminate mechanical transmission |
| equine herpesvirus 3 is similar to what other virus? | genital form of IBR in cattle |
| equine herpesvirus 5: common name? | multinodular pulmonary fibrosis |
| equine herpesvirus 5: pathology | interstitial pneumonia (well-demarcated areas of fibrosis, linear or nodular pattern, alveolar macrophages w/intranuclear inclusions); vasculitis -> linear, nodular fibrosis |
| equine herpesvirus 5: diagnosis | PCR (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung) |
| equine herpesvirus 5: treatment | supportive care, corticosteroids |
| equine herpesvirus 5: disease path | alveolar walls damaged -> hyperplasia -> decreased transfer of CO2, O2 -> hard to breathe; macrophages; fibrosis; ex) lungs don't collapse when body is opened |
| bovine herpesvirus 1: 2 subtypes | respiratory disease (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/IBR), genital disease (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis or infectious pustular balanoposthitis) |
| bovine herpesvirus 1, supbtype 1 | infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: rhinotracheitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis; secondary bacteria may result in bronchopneumonia; abortion, early embryonic death; latent infections in trigeminal ganglia; 'rednose' |
| bovine herpesvirus 1, subtype 2 | genital; infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (vulvitis, vaginitis); infectious pustular balanoposthitis (inflammation of penis or prepuce) |
| bovine herpesvirus 1, subtype 2: latent infections live where? | sacral ganglia |
| bovine herpesvirus 1: transmission | respiratory & genital routes; direct contact, aerosol, semen |
| bovine herpesvirus 1: pathogenesis | replication in epithelium (URT or genital mucosa); latency in trigeminal ganglia or sacral ganglia; periodic reactivation with viral shedding |
| bovine herpesvirus 1: how to distinguish it from other diseases | wont' infect GI (hard palate, tongue) |
| bovine herpesvirus 1: secondary bacteria? | -> bronchopneumonia |
| bovine herpesvirus 1: general problems | bronchial, bronchiolar involvement; upper respiratory tract infection wtih ulceration |
| bovine herpesvirus 2: list 2 types | herpes mammilitis; pseudolumpy-skin disease |
| bovine herpesvirus 2: herpes mammilitis | sproadic disease of dairy cattle; widespread inapparent infections; ulceration of skin of teats/udder; vesicles, ulcers, scabs on teats; transmission via milking; decreased milk production, secondary mastitis; in the US |
| bovine herpesvirus 2: pseudolumpy-skin disease | tropical areas (Africa); generalized skin disease; unlikely in US |
| what viruses cause malignant catarrhal fever? | alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 & ovine herpesvirus 2 |
| what species is clinically infected by malignant catarrhal fever? what type of disease do they get? | cattle & wild ruminants (deer, bison); lymphoproliferative disease (gammaherpesvirus) |
| 2 forms of malignant catarrhal fever virus? | african (AIHV-1): wildebeest-assoc MCF, calves infec @ birth, shed virus @ 3-4 mo's, disease in cattle assoc w/wildebeest calving; N. American form (OHV-2): sheep-assoc MHC, lambs inf at 1-2 mo's, highest shedding 6-9 mo's, disease in cattle assoc w/sheep |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: transmission | spread via aerosol from sheep/wildebeest to cattle/deer/bison; no cattle to cattle or bison to bison spread of virus |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: who is most susceptible | deer farms & bison ranches |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: clinical signs | Fever, depression, leukopenia, low milk prod; Nasal/oc d/c, dyspnea; Corneal edema (begin periph @ limbus); Photophobia, blindness (4-5 days); Erosions, ulcers, hemor of GIT, URT; CNS involv: inflam of vessels around brain, Death, Vasculitis |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: histological changes | lymphocytic vasculitis; multisystemic lymphoid inflammation |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: diagnosis | clinical signs, pathology, association with sheep; inability to detect viral Ag in lesions/tissue - can't do IHC; inability to isolate virus (OHV-2); PCR detection only (WBC's, LNN); can't grow sheep-assoc form in culture (have grown Af form) |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: vaccine | no vaccine available |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: clinical diagnosis | Any susceptible animal with sudden death, fever, erosions of the mucosa, nasal/lacrimal discharge, or bilateral corneal opacity should be tested for MCF; Particularly with a history of exposure to sheep, goats, antelope, wildebeest during parturition |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: prevention/control | separate infected & carrier animals from susceptible spp: carriers - sheep, goats; susc - cattle / zoological parks should only introduce seronegative animals |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: differential diagnoses | *BVD mucosal disease, Bluetongue (crustiness), Rinderpest (eradicated), FMD, Vesicular stomatitis, Salmonellosis, *pneumonia complex (shipping fever), Oral exposure to caustic materials, Mycotoxins, Poisonous plants |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: reportable? | reportable!! |
| Malignant catarrhal fever: 2 examples | Idaho 2003, outbreak in a bison feedlot - aerosol transmission - depression, nasal d/c, corneal opacity, ocular d/c; Texas 2008 - wildebeest-assoc [3 heifers died, killed wildebeest, sold 3300-3400 cattle] |
| reporting a serious disease problem | USDA - APHIS - Veterinary services; texas animal health commission |
| what are 3 alternate names for suid herpesvirus 1? | pseudorabies, Aujesky's disease, "mad itch" |
| what are the natural & secondary hosts for suid herpesvirus 1? | natural host: swine, often asymptomatic; secondary: dog, cat, sheep, ox |
| suid herpesvirus 1: reportable? | reportable! most US states are pseudorabies-free (domestic population, not wild) |
| suid herpesvirus 1: clinica signs in piglets <1 week | High mortality (100%), Tremors, paddling, seizures, Hypersalivation, vomiting, Necrotizing hepatitis |
| suid herpesvirus 1: clinica signs in weaned pigs | low mortality (<10%), vomiting & respiratory signs; recoverin 5-10 days |
| suid herpesvirus 1: clinica signs in adult pigs | mild/inapparent infections; some with respiratory signs; rare CNS infectinos; pregnant sows: reproductive signs (abortion, stillbirth); disease less severe in older pigs |
| suid herpesvirus 1: transmission | direct contact (secretions, urine, feces, milk, aerosol); ingestion of raw pork scraps (dog) |
| suid herpesvirus 1: replication/pathogenesis | oral mucous membranes -> tonsils -> regional LNN -> viremia, cranial nerves -> CNS (neurons of pons, medulla) |
| suid herpesvirus 1: prevalence in feral populations | PRV seroprevalence in feral swine from 10 counties in TX (2006-7): 145/409 pigs tested positive = 35.5% |
| suid herpesvirus 1: clinical signs | intense pruritis involving patch of skin (espeically head/neck); encephalitis, paralysis of jaw, drooling, howling; lethargy, depression, paresis, paralysis, hypersalivation, convulsions; mimics rabies; death in 1-2 days |
| canine herpesvirus 1: why is it fatal in puppies? | herpesviruses replicate better at lower temperatures; puppies can't thermoregulate, so if they get cold, they provide a better environment for virus growth; optimal temp is 33 degrees C |
| canine herpesvirus 1: prevalence? who does it infect? | very common; fatal hemorrhagic disease of puppies (<2 weeks); puppies infected at birth (dam: oral, nasal, vaginal; transplacental; other infected dogs); high mortality - 80% |
| canine herpesvirus 1: pathogenesis | cell-associated viremia; viral replication in blood vessels -> necrosis & hemorrhage, intranuclear inclusions; kidneys, liver, lungs; clinically - puppy isn't doing well, isn't growing well |
| canine herpesvirus 1: diagnosis | *postmortem findings, *virus isolation (kidney, lungs), PCR (fetus, lesion material), immunofluorescence |
| canine herpesvirus 1: prevention | warm environment - prevent hypothermia; reduce stress; minimize contact between dam & other dogs |
| common name for feline herpesvirus 1? | feline viral rhinotracheitis |
| feline herpesvirus 1: who does it affect? | primarily young cats (<6 months); >6 months - mild disease, abortions occasionally |
| feline herpesvirus 1: clinical signs | sneezing, nasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, fever; conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers; bronchopneumonia (lungs); intranuclear inclusions, necrosis (shown in pictures) |
| feline URT disease caused by: | 90% is caused by herpesvirus & calicivirus |
| feline herpesvirus 1: diagnosis | *clinical signs, *virus isolation; PCR (swab or tissue), serum neutralization, immunofluorescence (conjunctival scrapings), intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells |
| feline herpesvirus 1: differential diagnosis? | feline calicivirus |
| feline herpesvirus 1: prevention | vaccination (MLV & killed) |
| alternate name for infectious laryngotracheitis virus? | gallid herpesvirus 1 |
| Infectious laryngotracheitis virus: looks like what other disease? | IBR |
| Infectious laryngotracheitis virus: replication | in upper respiratory tract epithelium; low & high virulent strains |
| Infectious laryngotracheitis virus: clinical signs | coughing, sneezing, gasping, nasal/ocular discharge; laryngotracheitis (fibrin, hemorrhage (expectorate blood), necrosis, intranuclear inclusions)) |
| Infectious laryngotracheitis virus: diagnosis | egg inoculation (CAM), PCR |
| Infectious laryngotracheitis virus: prevention | closed flocks, vaccination |
| common name of Gallid herpesvirus 2? | marek's disease |
| Gallid herpesvirus 2: who does it affect? | chickens 2-5 months old |
| Gallid herpesvirus 2: replication? | in feather follicle epithelium; shed in dust/dander |
| Gallid herpesvirus 2: pathogenesis | lymphoproliferative disease; 10-50% mortality; can cause lymphoma (tumors) |
| Gallid herpesvirus 2: 4 forms | 1. neurolymphomatosis (peripheral nn) - asymmetric paralysis (legs/wings), enlarged peripheral nn; 2. cutaneous marek's disease (feather follicles); 3. visceral lymphomatosis (lymphoma on visceral organs - kidneys, liver); 4. ocular lymphomatosis |
| name 3 diseases in the genus parapoxvirus | bovine papular stomatitis virus (ox), orf virus (sheep, goat), pseudocowpox virus (ox) |
| poxviridae, genus orthopoxvirus: shape | brick-shaped virions; tubules on outer surface |
| poxviridae, genus orthopoxvirus: size | 250 X 200 X 200 nm (big) |
| poxviridae, genus orthopoxvirus: symmetry | complex |
| poxviridae, genus orthopoxvirus: group | linear dsDNA |
| poxviridae, genus orthopoxvirus: transcription/replication | up to 200 different proteins; doesn't need to use cells' machinery to replicate (has its own) -> replicates in cytoplasm -> inclusions in cytoplasm, not nucleus |
| poxviridae, genus parapoxvirus: shape | oval, coccoon shaped; longer tubules (cris-cross) |
| poxviridae, genus parapoxvirus: size | 260 X 160 nm (big) |
| poxviridae, genus parapoxvirus: symmetry | complex |
| poxviridae: stability | stable in environment (>1 year in dried scabs) |
| poxviridae: characteristic lesions | papules, pustules, intracytoplasmic inclusions |
| poxviridae: diagnosis | history & clinical signs, histopathology, electron microscopy (lesion material), virus isolation, egg inoculation (CAM) |
| orthopoxvirus: 3 viruses in this genus | variola virus (smallpox); vaccinia virus (source unknown, used in smallpox vaccine, recombinant vaccines); extromelia virus (mousepox-erosive/ulcerative skin lesions, causes typical pox virus lesions) |
| parapoxvirus: bovine papular stomatitis virus - clinical signs | mild disease of cattle <2yrs; papules on muzzle, lips, buccal mucosa, tongue, dental pad, nares, teats, legs; central necrosis, concentric rings (hyperemia), no vesicles, necrotic mucosa, ulcerative, proliferative |
| parapoxvirus: bovine papular stomatitis virus - differential diagnosis | FMDV, VSV |
| parapoxvirus: bovine papular stomatitis virus: transmission to humans? | via hand milking |
| parapoxvirus: orf virus - give 2 alternate names | contagious pustular dermatitis, contagious ecthyma |
| parapoxvirus: orf virus - who is affected/ | cutaneous disease of sheep, goat (high morbidity, low mortality); most severe in lambs (prevents suckling because lesions are on teh mouth) |
| parapoxvirus: orf virus - clinical signs | papules -> pustules -> crusts; on mouth (lips, gum), nose, teats, coronary band |
| parapoxvirus: orf virus - transmission | direct contact, fomites, susceptible to reinfection; transmit to humans via direct contact |
| parapoxvirus: orf virus - vaccination | vaccinate pregnant ewes to prevent outbreak in lambs; scarification of axilla/inner thigh with nonattenuated virus from infected scabs; develop localized lesion with short-lived immunity |
| parapoxvirus: orf virus - differentiate from blue tonue | orf virus - outside the mouth; blue tongue - inside the mouth |
| parapoxvirus: pseudocowpox virus: who gets it?f | cattle; not very common; nursing calves may acquire lesions on muzzle, mouth |
| parapoxvirus: pseudocowpox virus: clinical signs | pustules, ulcers, scabs on udder, teats; crab, ring, or horseshoe-shaped scabs (pathognomonic) |
| parapoxvirus: pseudocowpox virus: transmission | mechanical contact, milker's hands, fomites, flies, transmitted to humans via milking |
| parapoxvirus: pseudocowpox virus: prevention | hygiene, teat dips |
| fowlpox virus: who gets it? | common! highly infectious disease of chickens, turkeys |
| fowlpox virus: transmission | direct contact, biting insects, aerosol |
| fowlpox virus: clinical signs | cutaneous form: papules on comb, waddles, beak, eyelids, legs, feet; diphtheritic form: lesions in mouth/pharynx/esophagus/crop/trachea, diphtheritic membrane formation, diphtheritic form may be confused with ILTV |
| swinepox virus: clinical signs | mild cutaneous disease; body, ears, mammary glands affected; fever followed by papules, vesicles, scabs |
| swinepox virus: transmission | via pig louse (hematopinus suis), direct contact |
| swinepox virus: prevention | insect control |
| name 2 viruses in the genus aphthovirus. what family do they belong to? | foot & mouth disease virus (ox, pig, sheep, goat); equine rhinitis A virus / picornaviridae |
| Picornaviridae: group | (+)ssRNA |
| Picornaviridae: envelope? | nonenveloped |
| Picornaviridae: size | 25-30 nm |
| Picornaviridae: symmetry | icosahedral (spherical, smooth) |
| Picornaviridae: replication | post-translational processin: translated into 1 polypeptide, which is then cleaved into small proteins |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: who does it infect? | cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, llamas, wildlife |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: basic type of disease | vesicular disease |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: morbidity/mortality | high morbidity, low mortality; infectinos 2-3 weeks but shed up to 6 months |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: disease timeline | infections 2-3 weeks, shed up to 6 months; long convalescent period (Decreased milk production, decreased growth); virus in pharyngeal tissue up to 3 years (most less than 6 months); most animals recover |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: cost | $1 million / hour if not diagnosed (due to trade restrictions) |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: transmission | direct contact, food, straw, vehicles, animals, people, airborne droplets (up to 250 km: France to UK, 1981) |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: clinical signs (cattle) | 3-5 day incubation (1-14 days); fever, off feed, drop in milk prodcution; lameness, excessive salivation; vesicles - feet, oral cavity, teats, rumen; ruptured vesicles leave denuded areas, fluid contains infectious virus; acute death in young animals |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: epizootics (non-endemic countries) | US 1914-1929 / UK 1967-1968 / Taiwan 1997 / UK 2001 (2,030 cases; 6 millino sheep/pigs/cattle slaughtered) / China 2005 / UK 2007 / Japan (290,000 cattle slaughtered), Korea (50,000+) 2010-2011 / Bulgaria 2011 |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: endemic regions | africa, South america, asia |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: serotypes | 7 serotypes, no cross protection; >60 subtypes; O, A, C are widespread; SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 in africa; ASIA 1 in asia |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: august 2007 outbreak | cattle in surrey, england w/signs of FMD; samples sent to IAH, Pirbright; FMDV strain O1 BFS 1860/67 isolated (used by Merial Animal Health for vaccine production) = escaped leaking drains, contaminated soil, carried on vehicle tires |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: clinical signs (swine) | sore feet, sloughed hooves; vesicles come & go quickly |
| foot-and-mouth disease virus: control & concerns | vaccination (multiple serotypes, immunity only lasts months, ID of vaccinates, risk of disease spread from farm to farm, prolonged virus shedding, effect on exports); slaughter (acceptance of mass slaughter? carcass disposal) |
| Hand, foot & mouth disease | cocksakie A virus 16; enterovirus 17; disease of infants & children, no relation to FMDV |
| swine vesicular disease virus | vesicular disease of pigs in Europe, Asia; indistinguishable from FMD; clinical signs - lameness, vesicles on feet/nose/lips/tongue, transmission via direct contact/contaminated pork products; REPORTABLE! |
| differential diagnosis of vesicular diseases | FMD: ox, sheep, pig; vesicular stomatitis: ox, sheep, pig, horse; swine vesicular disease: pig; vesicular exanthema: swine |
| porcine teschovirus: 2 serotypes & their locations | teschen disease (severe form; africa, europe) / talfan disease (mild form; worldwide) |
| porcine teschovirus: clinical signs | polioencephalomyelitis in pigs; ataxia, tremors, convulsions, paralysis death; medulla & ventral spinal horns affected |
| porcine teschovirus: transmission | shed in feces; transmitted by ingestion |
| equine rhinitis A virus: previous name | equine rhinovirus 1 |
| equine rhinitis A virus: apthovirus significance | only non-FMD aphthovirus (sequence homology with FMDV) |
| equine rhinitis A virus: clinical signs | acute respiratory disease (clinical & subclinical); fever, nasal d/c, cough, pharyngitis, lymphadenitis |
| equine rhinitis A virus: how pervasive is it? | large outbreaks reported (most horses are seropositive); broad host range, including humans |
| equine rhinitis A virus: control | no vaccine; limited diagnostic testing; persistent, long-term shedding |
| equine rhinitis A virus: differential diagnoses | EHV-1, EHV-4, EAdV-1, equine influenza virus |
| Equine rhinitis B virus: previous name? | equine rhinovirus 2 |
| Equine rhinitis B virus: genus? | only member of benus Erbovirus |
| Equine rhinitis B virus: clinical signs | similar to equine rhinitis A (acute respiratory disease; fever, nasal d/c, cough, pharyngitis, lymphadenitis) |
| Equine rhinitis B virus: differential diagnoses | EHV-1, EHV-4, EAdV-1, equine influenza virus |
| Equine rhinitis B virus: zoonotic? | may infect humans (low neutralizing Ab's in veterinarians reported) |
| Caliciviridae: envelope? | nonenveloped |
| Caliciviridae: size | 30-40 nm |
| Caliciviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
| Caliciviridae: group | (+)ssRNA |
| Caliciviridae: replication | 3 open reading frames, 1 polypeptide; replication in cytoplasm |
| Caliciviridae: release from cell | lysis |
| Caliciviridae: activity in env't | stable in env't; resistant to low pH (varies with species & strain) |
| Feline calicivirus: & URI's in cats | 50% of URI in cats |
| Feline calicivirus: clinical signs | fever, sneezing, nasal d/c, conjunctivitis, salivation; vesicles, ulcers of oral epithelium, nares; pulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia (some strains); association with chronic gingivostomatitis (lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis) |
| Feline calicivirus: who is susceptible? | young cats most susceptible |
| Feline calicivirus: shedding of the virus? | continuous shedding for months (tonsil, oropharynx); carrier state, reinfectino possibel |
| Feline calicivirus: differential diagnoses | FHV-1 (dual infections common) |
| Feline calicivirus: vaccines | MLV vaccines (combination vaccines) |
| chronic gingivostomatitis: other name? | lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis |
| chronic gingivostomatitis | multifactorial etiology; associated with FCV (feline calicivirus); cessation of viral shedding with resolution of disease |
| san miguel sea lion virus | sea lions, seals, walruses, dolphins; vesicles & ulcers on snout/flippers; abortions; 1st isolates from California sea lions in 1972 |
| vesicular exanthema of swine: differential diagnoses | indistinguishable from: FMDV (picornaviridae, aphthovirus), vesicular stomatitis (rhabdoviridae, vesiculovris), swine vesicular disease (picornaviridae, enterovirus) |
| vesicular exanthema of swine: clinical signs | vesicles on nose, tongue, teats, oral cavity, feet (1-2 weeks, <5% mortality) |
| vesicular exanthema of swine: transmission | oral transmission from dead sea lions, infected pork meat (1932-1956); eradicated from US |
| rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: who/where is affected? | hemorrhagic disease in European rabbits (domestic rabbits); tested as biologic population control agent in Australia, New Zealand; endemic areas - asia, europe, australia, new zealand, africa, puba; periodic outbreaks in US (currently eradicated) |
| rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: clinical signs | acute hepatic necrosis; DIC, pulmonary hemorrhages; up to 90% mortality, hemorrhage from mouth, nose |
| European brown hare syndrome virus | causes similar hemorrhagic disease of hares as rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus; may show minimal gross changes; lower mortality than RHDV; may develop chronic hepatitis |
| Togaviridae family: arboviruses | replicate in insects & vertebrates |
| togaviridae: size | 70 nm |
| togaviridae: symmetry | icosahedral |
| togaviridae: envelope? | enveloped |
| togaviridae: group? | (+)ssRNA |
| togaviridae: replication | in cytoplasm; 2 rounds of translation |
| togaviridae: cell adhesion | indistinct peplomers (E1, E2) |
| eastern, western, venezuelan encephalitis viruses: overview | encephalitic diseases of horses with variable degrees of severity; more severe in young animals |
| western encephalitis virus | western US, canada, S america; up to 20-50% mortality (some mild, subclinical infections) |
| eastern encephalitis virus | atlantic & gulf coasts, central & s america; up to 80-90% mortality (most severe neurologic disease) |
| venezuelan encephalitis virus | central, s america; up to 40-80% mortality; virulent strains arise by mutation from avirulent strains (1971-last outbreak in US; 1996 - outbreak in Mexico) |
| eastern, western, venezuelan encephalitis viruses: vaccine | trivalent vaccine available; inactivated |
| eastern, western, venezuelan encephalitis viruses: human risks and outcomes | EEE: elderly most at risk, case fatality 33%, avg 5 cases/yr; WEEE: children <1 most at risk, case fatality 3%, avg 19 cases/yr, <1/yr last 10 years; VEE: children most affected, fatalities rare |
| arbovirus transmission (EEE): other species affected | pheasant, sparrow, pigeon, peking duck, chukar partridge, emu, ostrich |
| eastern, western, venezuelan encephalitis viruses: clinical signs | fever, depression, CNS signs; wandering, photophobia, head pressing; blindness; paralysis; death |
| eastern, western, venezuelan encephalitis viruses: gross pathology | hemorrhagic encephalitis; myelitis with necrosis |
| eastern, western, venezuelan encephalitis viruses: differential diagnoses | WNV, EHV-1, RABV, EPM |
| management of mosquito-borne diseases | source reduction, surveillance, biological control, chemical control (larvicide, adulticide), educate the public on how to protect themselves; vaccinate horses against EEE/WEE |
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