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A&P- Ch. 4
A&P- Ch. 4- Tissues: Living Communities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells of similar type and function cluster together to form | Tissues |
| Classifications of tissues | Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle |
| The study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs | Histology |
| Composed of sheets of cells that cover & line other types of tissue | Epithelial Tissue |
| Six Epithelial tissue functions | Covers, lines, and protects Filters biochemical substances Absorption Provides sensory input Manufactures excretions Manufactures secretions |
| Each epithelial cell has an apical surface and a basal surface | Polar |
| Faces the lumen or body cavity | Apical |
| Faces the underlying connective tissue | Basal |
| Lateral surfaces are connected to neighboring cells | Junctional complexes |
| Epithelial cells have no blood supply | Avascular |
| Most epithelial cells have nerve supply | Innervated |
| Welded plaque; tough, resist tension and stretching (like Velcro); found in the skin, heart, and uterus | Desmosome |
| Cytoplasm continuous; exchange ions, nutrients- quickly transmit signals through connexons; found in cardiac, smooth muscles | Gap junction |
| Nothing can penetrate; prevent leakage; found in the bladder and GI tract | Tight junction |
| Foundation of epithelial cells; meshwork of fibers that cements epithelial cells to underlying CT; varies in thickness; helps prevent cell from being torn off by intraluminal pressures; acts as a partial barrier between epithelial cell and CT | Basal lamina (basement membrane) |
| If a cell contains microvilli it is said to have a | Brush border |
| Function to move substances past the cell surface | Cilia |
| Protective, waterproof substance in some skin cells | Keratin |
| Single layer of epithelial cells; found in protected parts of the body because it provides minimal protection to underlying structures | Simple |
| More than once layer of epithelial cells; stronger and thicker and are on parts of the body that are subjected to mechanical or chemical stress | Stratified |
| Found lining surfaces involved in the passage of either gas or liquid; found in the lining of blood vessels and inner surface of the lungs | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Includes the lining of the abdomen peritoneum, chest pleura, and the heart pericardium | Mesothelium |
| Includes the the lining of the blood vessels | Endothelium |
| Round, dark staining nuclei aligned in a single row; occurs in areas of the body where secretion and absorption take place; found in ducts in the liver, pancreas, portions of the kidneys, and the thyroid gland | Simple cuboidal epithelium |
| Nuclei aligned in a row at the base of the cell near the basement membrane; found in the GI tract from stomach to rectum | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Apical surface is blanketed by dense microvilli that maximize absorption by increasing surface contact with nutrient-filled lumen | Absorptive cells |
| Manufacture and store mucus for lubrication; no ducts; opens in to GI tract, respiratory tracts, and conjunctiva; composed of modified columnar epithelial cells; secretes mucin | Goblet cells |
| Multiple layers of squamous-shaped cells; occur in areas of the body subject to mechanical and chemical stresses (ex: oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, rectum); Continually being worn away or sheared off; replaced by cells from a deeper layer | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Substances that act within the body (Ex: hormones and mucus); specialized protein molecules that are produced in the Rough ER, packaged by the Golgi, and discharged by the cell | Secretions |
| Substances that leave the body (Ex: sweat, milk, saliva) | Excretions |
| Multiple layers (usually TWO) of cuboidal cells; found primarily along large excretory ducts (ex: mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands) | Stratified cuboidal epithelium |
| Found only in select parts of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems and along some excretory ducts; extremely rare; function in secretion and protection | Stratified columnar epithelium |
| "False" stratified- truly one layer of cells; cell nuclei are found at different levels across the length of the tissue; some cells do not reach luminal surface but all attach to the basement membrane; usually ciliated; respir. tract/ male repro. tract | Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| Multiple layers of cells with varying shapes; stratified; basal layer of cuboidal/ columnar cells; superficial layer of cuboidal/squamous cells; able to stretch-found in areas where changes in volume occur (UB, ureters, urethra) | Transitional epithelium |
| A cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion | Gland |
| No ducts; secretes into the bloodstream; blood stream delivers secretions into the entire body; secretion is usually a hormone (regulate body functions; part of the endocrine system) | Endocrine glands |
| Contain ducts (except for goblet cells; have a local effect (ex: sweat glands, mammary glands, sebaceous gland, saliva, anal glands) | Exocrine glands |
| Usually surrounded by connective tissue rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers; makes substance; may be surrounded by myoepithelial cells that assist with the discharge of secretions into the glandular duct | Secretory unit |
| Carries substance locally | Duct |
| Glands package their secretions and release them via exocytosis as they are manufactured; majority of glands (ex: pancreas, sweat, salivary)Not destroyed | Merocrine |
| Glands store their secretions and then release the top part (apex) of the cell into the duct system (ex: mammary, some sweat)Not destroyed | Apocrine |
| Glands store their secretions and then release the entire contents of the cell (sebaceous)Cell is destroyed | Holocrine |
| Watery; contain a high concentration of enzymes (pancreatic secretion) | Serous |
| Thick, vicous; composed glycoproteins (mucus membranes- GI, resp) | Mucus/ mucoid |
| Represents most abundant tissue by weight; skeletal and integumentary systems are composed almost exclusively of this; vascularized; form and function may be different; reserves for energy, protection, provides framework for structural support | Connective tissue |
| Thickest fibers that form connective tissue | Collagenous |
| Medium-sized fibers that form connective tissue | Elastic |
| Very thin fibers that form connective tissue | Reticular |
| Components of connective tissue | Fibers, cells, and ground substance |
| Fixed cells that stay in the tissue | Fibroblats, Adipocytes, and Reticular cells |
| Cells that are able to migrate in and out of the tissues | Wandering |
| Types of wandering cells | Mast cells, leukocytes, and macrophages |
| Fibers and ground substance makes up the | Extracellular matrix |
| A homogenous material that ranges from liquid to gel to solid; composed of glycosaminoglycans; is a medium through which cells exchage nutrients/ waste with the bloodstream; acts as shock absorbing cushion & helps to protect underlying delicate cells | Ground substance |
| GAGs | Glycosaminoglycans |
| Strong and thick; composed of collagen; organized into bundles; found in tendons and ligaments that are continually being pulled and stretch; sometimes called white fibers; density & arrangement can vary | Collagenous fibers |
| Composed of collagen but are not thick; thin and delicate and branched into complicated networks; form support around other cellular organs like endocrine glands | Reticular fibers |
| Composed primarily of elastin; are branched to form networks; lack tensile strength of collagenous fibers; stretch and contract; found in vocal chords, lungs, and blood vessels; may be referred to as yellow fibers | Elastic fibers |
| Secretes fiber and ground substance of particular matrix; Fixed cell | Fibroblast |
| Fixed cell; found throughout connective tissue; form adipose tissue; filled with fat | Adipocyte |
| Fixed cell; form net-like connections through cells; involved in immune response and manufacture reticular fibers | Reticular cells |
| Wandering cell; white blood cell; found in blood and move into connective tissue during periods of infection; important in immune function | Leukocyte |
| Wandering cell; carry histamine and heparin which initiate inflammatory response when released into tissue; usually found near blood stream where it can mount response | Mast cell |
| Wandering cell; Phagocytotic scavenger that may be either fixed or transient in connective tissue; engulf microbes, dead cells, and debris; given different names depending on location | Macrophage |
| Kupffer cell | Liver |
| Microglial cells | Nervous tissue |
| Histiocytes | Connective tissue, skin, intestines |
| Loose tissue; most common type of connective tissue; acts to support & cushion organs and other delicate structures; has "open" spaces | Areolar tissue |
| Filling of spaces with fluid during trauma | Edema |
| When tissue leaves pits in tissue after being compressed | Pitting edema |
| Loose tissue; commonly known as fat; highly vascularized; cells expand based on amount of lipid being stored; important energy store; might be classified as white or brown | Adipose tissue |
| Loose tissue; resembles areolar connective tissue but only contains reticular fibers; found in limited sites of the body (spleen, lymph nodes, some parts of the liver) | Reticular connective tissue |
| Dense connective tissue; Tightly packed parallel collagen fibers; tremendous tensile strength in one direction; found in tendons and ligaments | Dense regular connective tissue |
| Dense connective tissue; Collagen fibers in thicker bundles than those in regular connective tissue; can withstand force from many different directions; found in capsules of joints | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| Dense connective tissue; high concentration of elastic fibers that is extremely flexible; found in the stomach, large airways, and UB | Elastic connective tissue |
| Tough, specialized connective tissue; AKA gristle; more rigid than dense connective tissue, more flexible than bone; does not contain nerves; can take a great deal of compression; composed of chondrocytes and matrix; Hyaline/Elastic/Fibrocartilage | Cartilage |
| Most common type of cartilage in the body; found as articular cartilage at the end of long bones and joints and connects ribs to the sternum; collagenous fibers | Hyaline |
| Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers; can withstand repeated bending; found in the pinnae | Elastic |
| Found in intervertebral disks | Fibrocartilage |
| Also called osseous connective tissue; hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue; well vascularized; provides protection and structure | Bone |
| Ground matrix made up of calcium phosphate and collagen fibers | Osteoid |
| Channels in bone that carry blood supply and nerves | Haversion canal |
| Fibrous membrane that covers the bone | Periosteum |
| Most atypical type of connective tissue | Blood |
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