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F. TODD WILLIAN
Pest Management
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Synapse | junction between 2 neurons or btween a neuron and a muscle. |
selective herbicide | only kills a certian weed |
dessicant | herbicide that kills by drying up the plant |
efficacy | effectiveness |
activation | stimulation of activity in an organism or a chemical |
mode of action | entire sequence of events from herbicide contact with plant tissues to morphilogical changes that result from herbicide application |
biennial weed | weed that lasts for 2 seasons |
acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that has a derivative of choline |
fumigant | chemical substance used in fumignation |
non-selective herbicide | kills all plants no matter what type they are |
defoliant | herbicide that causes all the leaves to fall off |
residual | something left after all parts are gone |
periennial weed | weed lasting three seasons or more |
apoplasm | is an important recipient campartment for nemitode secreted protines |
insect vector | an insect that carries diesease from one plant to another |
resistant biotype | a biologically enhanced plant that is resistant to certian herbisides |
allelochemical | biochemicals that influence the growth, development, and survival of other organisms |
invasive species | a species that is introduced and has a dramatic affect on the environment, physically and economicly. |
quiescent seed | a seed that will germinate and emerge, given the proper environmental and soil conditions |
the only insectiside group that does not kill insects by interupting normal nerve transmission | Microbials |
examples of insecticide common names (active ingredients) | malathion, acephate, lambda cyhalothrin, (any chem. name that does not have a commercial name) |
weeds compete with crops for | water, light, minerals |
many of these species are C4 plants | weeds |
many of these species are NOT C4 plants | crops |
T or F : the majority of weed species growing in the USA are not native to this country | TRUE |
T or F : Bienniel weed species will not produce flowers untill the seconed year of growth | TRUE |
weeds can be hosts for pathogens, especially this pathogen | Viruses |
define the process of Herbicide Activation: | Soil Applied = Application - Irrigation - Tillage - Activation |
Phloem-Mobile Herbicides | herbicides that are carried by the Phloem down the plant roots |
Environmental factors affecting Phloem-Mobile Herbicides: | Flooding, Drought, Temprature, Mineralzation |
Advantages of insectacides | keep insects and crops off plants, inproved yield, economical |
Disadvantages of insecticides | poision in food, bad for environment, detramental to water supply |
3 names for insectacides | common name, trade name, chemical name |
How insecticides work to kill insects | Disrupt nervous system |
How do microbial toxins kill insects | disrupt digestive system |
6 major insectacide groupings | organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, botanicals, microbials |
Organophosphates | developed in germany as a nicotine substitute, widley used, some are highely toxic to humans Ex: Malathion, Orthene |
Carbamates | broad spectrum controll EX: Seven, Furadan |
Pyrethroids | fastest developing group, very low application rates Ex: Pounce (3rd Generation), Warrior (4th Generation) |
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons | Low toxicity but very persistant, oldest class Ex: DDT, Thiodam, Golden Leaf |
Botanicals | Utilized widely for organic farming Ex: Pyrethrum |
Microbials | Derived from Bacteria Ex: BT, Tracer |
Reasons vertebrate pest problems increasing? | more consentrated crop area, CRP, land useage |
General controll methods for vertebrates | Habitat mods., Frightning devices, repellants, Toxicants |
Simple Perennials | reproduce from crown roots or tap roots Ex: Dandelions, Poke weeds |
Creeping Perennials | reproduce from modified stems(rhizomes, tubers) Ex: Johonson Grass, Bermuda Grass |
Summer annual weeds | Germinate and emerge during the spring, produce seeds in the fall, die in the fall Ex: cockleborr, water hemp |
Winter annual weeds | Germinate and emerge during the fall, produce seeds in the spring, die in the spring Ex: Henbit, common chick weed |
Characteristics of Detramental weeds | Dormancy, grow better, need for water, seed distractions |
Effects of Detramental weeds | Reduce crop yields, increase production costs, reduce crop quality |
4 weed controll methods:(Exampels of each) | (1)Mechanical(Tillage) (2)Cultural(Crop rotation) (3)Biological(GMO) (4)Chemical(Herbicide) |
Why are weeds considered "Natural" and Crops considered "Unnatural" | You do not have to plant weeds, but you do have to plant crops |
Factors influencing absorbsion and translocation of Systemic Herbicides | Lifecycle, Environment, Source/sink relationship, Time of Year, Relative Efficacy |
Contact Herbicides | Kills Fast and on contact through the plant leaves |
Systemic Herbicides | Slow killer, kills from the inside out via the stem, applied throught the soil, up through the roots/stem |
Sequence of events for Herbicide mode of action | Absorption-> Translocation-> Site of action-> Morphological change |
Herbicide Mode of Action Classes: (Examples) | (1)Photosynthetic Inhibitors (2)Amino Acid (3)Biosynthesis Inhibitors (4)Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors (5)Root Growth Inhibitors (6)Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors (7)Cell Membrane Disruptors (8)Hormone-like Herbicides |
Photosynthetic Inhibitor | Atrazine |
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Inhibitors | Glyphosate (Roundup) |
Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors | Sethoxdium (Poast) |
Root Growth Inhibitors | Mefolachlor (Dual) |
Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors | Clomazone (Command) |
Cell Membrane Disruptors | Formesafen (Flexstar) |
Hormone-like Herbicides | 24D |
Risk factors associated with aquiring Herbicide resistant weed species: | (1)Density of weeds (2)Weed species (3)Frequent use of Herbicides with similar MOA's (4)Crop rotation Scheme (5)Lack of non-chemical control options |
Cross Resistance | 2 or more Herbicides form a SINGLE resistance |
Multiple Resistance | Resistance of many Herbicides form 2 or more resistance mechanism |
KY resistant weed species | Smooth Pigweed, Johnson grass, Marestial |
Impact of Glyphosate in US Agriculture: | Changed the weed control process for the better started the market for major application weed control |
Created by:
stubaby428