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F. TODD WILLIAN
Pest Management
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Synapse | junction between 2 neurons or btween a neuron and a muscle. |
| selective herbicide | only kills a certian weed |
| dessicant | herbicide that kills by drying up the plant |
| efficacy | effectiveness |
| activation | stimulation of activity in an organism or a chemical |
| mode of action | entire sequence of events from herbicide contact with plant tissues to morphilogical changes that result from herbicide application |
| biennial weed | weed that lasts for 2 seasons |
| acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that has a derivative of choline |
| fumigant | chemical substance used in fumignation |
| non-selective herbicide | kills all plants no matter what type they are |
| defoliant | herbicide that causes all the leaves to fall off |
| residual | something left after all parts are gone |
| periennial weed | weed lasting three seasons or more |
| apoplasm | is an important recipient campartment for nemitode secreted protines |
| insect vector | an insect that carries diesease from one plant to another |
| resistant biotype | a biologically enhanced plant that is resistant to certian herbisides |
| allelochemical | biochemicals that influence the growth, development, and survival of other organisms |
| invasive species | a species that is introduced and has a dramatic affect on the environment, physically and economicly. |
| quiescent seed | a seed that will germinate and emerge, given the proper environmental and soil conditions |
| the only insectiside group that does not kill insects by interupting normal nerve transmission | Microbials |
| examples of insecticide common names (active ingredients) | malathion, acephate, lambda cyhalothrin, (any chem. name that does not have a commercial name) |
| weeds compete with crops for | water, light, minerals |
| many of these species are C4 plants | weeds |
| many of these species are NOT C4 plants | crops |
| T or F : the majority of weed species growing in the USA are not native to this country | TRUE |
| T or F : Bienniel weed species will not produce flowers untill the seconed year of growth | TRUE |
| weeds can be hosts for pathogens, especially this pathogen | Viruses |
| define the process of Herbicide Activation: | Soil Applied = Application - Irrigation - Tillage - Activation |
| Phloem-Mobile Herbicides | herbicides that are carried by the Phloem down the plant roots |
| Environmental factors affecting Phloem-Mobile Herbicides: | Flooding, Drought, Temprature, Mineralzation |
| Advantages of insectacides | keep insects and crops off plants, inproved yield, economical |
| Disadvantages of insecticides | poision in food, bad for environment, detramental to water supply |
| 3 names for insectacides | common name, trade name, chemical name |
| How insecticides work to kill insects | Disrupt nervous system |
| How do microbial toxins kill insects | disrupt digestive system |
| 6 major insectacide groupings | organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, botanicals, microbials |
| Organophosphates | developed in germany as a nicotine substitute, widley used, some are highely toxic to humans Ex: Malathion, Orthene |
| Carbamates | broad spectrum controll EX: Seven, Furadan |
| Pyrethroids | fastest developing group, very low application rates Ex: Pounce (3rd Generation), Warrior (4th Generation) |
| Chlorinated Hydrocarbons | Low toxicity but very persistant, oldest class Ex: DDT, Thiodam, Golden Leaf |
| Botanicals | Utilized widely for organic farming Ex: Pyrethrum |
| Microbials | Derived from Bacteria Ex: BT, Tracer |
| Reasons vertebrate pest problems increasing? | more consentrated crop area, CRP, land useage |
| General controll methods for vertebrates | Habitat mods., Frightning devices, repellants, Toxicants |
| Simple Perennials | reproduce from crown roots or tap roots Ex: Dandelions, Poke weeds |
| Creeping Perennials | reproduce from modified stems(rhizomes, tubers) Ex: Johonson Grass, Bermuda Grass |
| Summer annual weeds | Germinate and emerge during the spring, produce seeds in the fall, die in the fall Ex: cockleborr, water hemp |
| Winter annual weeds | Germinate and emerge during the fall, produce seeds in the spring, die in the spring Ex: Henbit, common chick weed |
| Characteristics of Detramental weeds | Dormancy, grow better, need for water, seed distractions |
| Effects of Detramental weeds | Reduce crop yields, increase production costs, reduce crop quality |
| 4 weed controll methods:(Exampels of each) | (1)Mechanical(Tillage) (2)Cultural(Crop rotation) (3)Biological(GMO) (4)Chemical(Herbicide) |
| Why are weeds considered "Natural" and Crops considered "Unnatural" | You do not have to plant weeds, but you do have to plant crops |
| Factors influencing absorbsion and translocation of Systemic Herbicides | Lifecycle, Environment, Source/sink relationship, Time of Year, Relative Efficacy |
| Contact Herbicides | Kills Fast and on contact through the plant leaves |
| Systemic Herbicides | Slow killer, kills from the inside out via the stem, applied throught the soil, up through the roots/stem |
| Sequence of events for Herbicide mode of action | Absorption-> Translocation-> Site of action-> Morphological change |
| Herbicide Mode of Action Classes: (Examples) | (1)Photosynthetic Inhibitors (2)Amino Acid (3)Biosynthesis Inhibitors (4)Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors (5)Root Growth Inhibitors (6)Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors (7)Cell Membrane Disruptors (8)Hormone-like Herbicides |
| Photosynthetic Inhibitor | Atrazine |
| Amino Acid Biosynthetic Inhibitors | Glyphosate (Roundup) |
| Lipid Biosynthesis Inhibitors | Sethoxdium (Poast) |
| Root Growth Inhibitors | Mefolachlor (Dual) |
| Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors | Clomazone (Command) |
| Cell Membrane Disruptors | Formesafen (Flexstar) |
| Hormone-like Herbicides | 24D |
| Risk factors associated with aquiring Herbicide resistant weed species: | (1)Density of weeds (2)Weed species (3)Frequent use of Herbicides with similar MOA's (4)Crop rotation Scheme (5)Lack of non-chemical control options |
| Cross Resistance | 2 or more Herbicides form a SINGLE resistance |
| Multiple Resistance | Resistance of many Herbicides form 2 or more resistance mechanism |
| KY resistant weed species | Smooth Pigweed, Johnson grass, Marestial |
| Impact of Glyphosate in US Agriculture: | Changed the weed control process for the better started the market for major application weed control |
Created by:
stubaby428