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vet1100
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a decrease in the frequency of a behavior when a pleasant stimulus is removed | negative punishment |
| adding something aversive as a consequence of a behavior resulting in a decrease of that behavior | positive punishment |
| contains edta, used for hematology (cbc's) | LTT- lavender top tube |
| plain glass tube, used for blood chemistries, serology, blood banking | RTT- red top tube |
| contains clot activator and gel but no anticoagulant, used for all testing requiring serum, gel may interfere with drug level testing | SST- serum separator tube |
| contains buffered sodium citrate, used for coagulation panels | BTT- blue top tube |
| contains lithium heparin, used for lead determinations, some chemistry machines, confirm elevated potassium | GTT- green top tube |
| fluid and cellular components of blood, must be transfused with in 4 hours, higher risk of transfusion reactions | fresh whole blood |
| refrigerated whole blood that has been centrifuged and plasma has been removed, can be administered rapidly, only good for 30 days | packed red blood cells |
| an alternative to packed rbcs, bovine hemoglobin solution, shelf life of 3 years, causes discoloration of patients serum, urine, and MM(yellowish to brown) | oxyglobin |
| contains coagulation factors, proteins, and platelets has 3 types | plasma |
| frozen within 8 hours of donation, contains clotting factors V, VIII, albumin, and von willebrands factor | fresh frozen plasma |
| frozen 8 hours after donation, does not contain factors V, VIII, or VW factor, hemophilla and VW dz not treatable with this | frozen plasma |
| contains everything FFP does only in a much smaller volume | cryoprecipitate |
| substances such as bacteria, viruses, and pollen which produce an immune response bc they are foreign to the body | antigen |
| a disease fighting protein produced by the body in response to the presence of a specific antigen | antibody |
| clumping together of cells or particles | agglutination |
| always comes 2nd, elevated coagulation tests, patient will have petechia, ecchymoses, epistaxis, and prolonged bleeding following trauma or surgery, intravascular destruction of erythrocytes | disseminated intravasular coagulation(DIC) |
| a decreased number of platelets, most common bleeding disorder of hemostasis in veterinary patients, can occur as a result of bone marrow depression | thrombocytopenia |
| in canines Dea 1.1+, or dea 1.1- & 1.2- | considered universal donor in k9 |
| higher than normal amount of platelets in the blood | thrombocytosis |
| thr process of determining the priority of need and the proper order of treatment when evaluating a clinical situation | triage |
| increased RR | tachypnea |
| decreased RR | bradypnea |
| lack of respirations | apnea |
| increased RR with interspersed lack of respirations | cheyna-stokes |
| difficult breathing | dyspnea |
| normal quiet RR | eupnea |
| patient stands instead of sits, has abdominal movement, extended neck, open mouth, lifted head | orthopnea |
| air in the thoracic cavity | pneumothorax |
| collapsed lungs | atelectasis |
| inflammation of the pleural membranes | pleuritis |
| inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, virus, or chemical irritants | pneumonia |
| requires an aterial sample, gives more specific data on oxygenation, ventilation, and acid/base status of the patient | arterial blood gas |
| an increase in nitrogen containing waste products in the blood(BUN and creatine) | azotemia |
| loss of consciousness, apnea or agonal breathing, no palpable pulse, no heartbeat, dilated pupils ares signs of | cardiac arrest |
| what does ABCD stand for in reference to CPCR | airway, breathing, cardiac, drugs |
| cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation | CPCR |
| give ______ breaths/min with a max of 20 cm of pressure | 30-40 |
| in small animals <7 kgs, compressions are done_________ with one hand | directly over the heart |
| in large animals > 7kgs, compressions will be done ____________ with both hands | over the caudal 1/3 of the sternum |
| Norm-R, 0.9% Nacl, & LRS are all considered | isotonic crystalloids |
| hespan & hetastach are considered | synthetic colloids |
| the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls | blood pressure |
| the % of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen | pulse oximetry |
| the amount of CO2 inhaled/exhaled by the patient | capnography |
| recording of the electrical activity on the surface of the body that is generated by the heart | ECG, electrocardiography |
| what are the four colors of the ECG leads | black, white, red, green |
| where does the white ECG lead go | right front limb(white on the right) |
| where does the black ECG lead go | left front limb(smoke over fire) |
| where does the red ECG lead go | left rear limb(smoke over fire) |
| where does the green ECG lead go | right rear limb(green for go/gas) |
| abnormally low body temp | hypothermia |
| ways to combat hypothermia | warm water bottles, warm towels, warm bath, blow dryer, heat lamp, incubator |
| medication applied topically onto the eye | ophthalmic application |
| medication applied topically into the ear | otic application |
| ID administration | intradermal |
| SQ administration | subcutaneous |
| IM administration | intramuscular |
| IP administration | intraperitoneal |
| IV administration | intravenous |
| Epidural administration | injection into the L7-S1(lumbosacral junction) |
| IO administration | intraosseous(into the bone marrow) |
| observable data that is not measurable | subjective data |
| data that can be measured or quantified | objective data |
| the first step in reaching an ultimate diagnosis of the patients illness | obtaining an accurate history |
| lymph nodes cranial to the angle of the mandible | submandibular |
| lymph nodes cranial to the shoulder joint | prescapular |
| lymph nodes on the dorsal stifle | popliteal |
| lymph nodes in the arm pit region | axillary |
| lymph nodes in the inguinal area near the femoral artery and vein | inguinal |
| when the eyelids rolls inward so that the lashes rub the cornea | entropian |
| eyelids are loose and not in contact with the eye | ectropian |
| this tests for a blockage in the nasolacrimal duct, corneal abrasions, or corneal ulcers | fluorescein stain |
| this test is for the over or under production of tears by the lacrimal gland | schirmer tear test |
| this tests the intraocular pressure of the eye | tonopen test |
| premature ventricular contractions | PVC |
| burrowing mites that live in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands normally but an immunodeficiency that is either genetic or mite induced causes an infestation to become apparent | demodex |
| the eye dz of increased intraocular pressures | glaucoma |
| hardening or thickening of the lens of the eye | cataracts |
| abrasions or indentations usually found on the cornea | ulcers |
| KCS= dry eye | keuratoconjunctivitis sicca |
| eye meds with steroids should not be used in patients with_______ | immunodeficiency, or ulcers |
| introduction of fluid into the rectum and colon to stimulate bowel activity, evacuate the Lg intestine for diagnostic procedures, or to irrigate the colon | enema |
| contraindications of enemas | don't use if bowel is perforated |
| ______ enemas should never be used in cats or dogs | phosphate(Fleet) |
| phase of wound healing immediately after insult(blood clot formation) | inflammatory phase |
| phase of wound healing 6 hours post injury, neutrophils and monocytes travel to the site to remove foreign material | debridement phase |
| phase of wound healing that is 3-5 days post injury, now tissue formation becomes visible | repair phase |
| phase of wound healing that is the longest and final phase, wound strength increases to max level | maturation phase |
| this type of bandage is used for really gross dead wounds to remove exudates when the bandage is removed | dry to dry |
| this type of bandage is used for sorta gross dried or semi dried exudates are removed when bandage is removed | wet to dry |
| this bandage is used when lg amounts of exudates and transudates are present, wound is very painful, absorbs fluid, causes less pain upon removal, enhances capillary action and drainage | wet to wet |
| total infusion x drops per ml / infusion time(1440 mins) | to calculate drops per min |
| 40-60ml/kg/day | maintenance fluids |
| % dehydration x kg x 10 | replacement fluids |
| replacement fluids+ maintenance fluids + on loses | daily fluid requirement |
| need x need/ what you have | adding dextrose to fluids ex: 5%/50% x 1000ml |
| pulmonary contusions, existing pulmonary edema, brain injury, congestive heart failure are all reason to | contraindications for rapid fluid therapy |
| CVP decreased, HR increased, CRT prolonged, BP hypotensive, urine output decreased, weak/thready pulses, pale MM, cold extremities are all signs of | signs of shock |
| the point of origin of the hearts electrical activity | SA node |
| depolarization spreads quickly from the SA node to the | atria |
| depolarization moves caudally from the atria toward the | AV node |
| the AV node continues this activity to the proximal portion of the ventricular conduction system aka | bundle of His |
| any pattern of electrical activity of the heart that differs from the healthy awake animal | cardiac arrhythmia |
| the heart muscle contracts during | systole |
| the heart muscle relaxes during | diastole |
| the 3 main recognizable waves called deflection waves are the: | P wave, QRS complex, T wave |
| appears as irregular undulating line, with complete absence of recognizable QRS complexes | ventricular fibrillation(V-Fib) |
| ineffective and uncoordinated ventricular contractions that occur as a bizarre, wide complex on the ECG tracing | PVC |
| prolonged interval between the P wave and QRS complex | 1st degree heart block |
| some p wave are not followed by QRS complexes | 2nd degree heart block |
| atrial and ventricular contractions occurs independently, P waves occur in one pattern QRS complexes occur as completely different pattern | 3rd degree heart block |
| normal USG for a dog | 1.015-1.040 |
| normal USG for a cat | 1.015-1.060 |
| 1. gather data 2. identify & prioritize data 3. develop & implement a plan of care 4. evaluate results | 4 steps to veterinary practice model |
| coffin lid shaped urine crystal | triple phosphate |
| envelope shaped urine crystal | calcium oxylate dihydrate |
| fence post shaped urine crystal | calcium oxylate monohydrate |
| involuntary rapid movement of the eyes | nystagmus |
| use this er drug for bradycardia/asystole | atropine |
| use this er drug for vfib/asystole | epinephrine |
| use this er drug for ventricular arrythemias | lidocaine |
| use this er drug for reversal of opiod agents | naloxone |
| use this er drug to decrease intracranial pressure | mannitol |
| use this er drug to stimulate CNS in order to increase respirations | doxapram |
| used for immobilization of fractures distal to the elbow or stifle before surgery | modified robert jones bandage |
| applied after reduction of hip luxation | ehmer sling |
| used to prevent weight bearing on the forelimb | velpeau sling |
| low urine ph= | acidic |
| high urine ph= | basic/alkaline |
| rare unless animal is deprived of water, high levels of serum sodium | hypernatremia |
| is common in animals with renal failure, vomiting/diarrhea, diuretics are used or excessive fluids are given, low levels of serum sodium | hyponatremia |
| seen in patients with adrenal cortical hypofunction, acidosis, late stage renal failure, high serum potassium levels | hyperkalemia |
| seen in patients with alkalosis, insulin therapy, or excessive fluid loss, low levels of serum potassium levels | hypokalemia |
| cloudy serum sample with excessive lipids, often due to diet or metabolic disease | lipemic |
| pink to reddish tinted serum sample, caused by damage to rbc's | hemolytic |
| yellow tinge to serum sample, indicative of liver disease | icteric |
| by product of muscle metabolism, produced consistently and filtered by the glomeruli, | creatinine |
| end product of protein metabolism exerted primarily by the kidneys, levels are increased in renal insufficiency | Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN) |
| breaks down long chain fatty acids into FA's and alcohols, usually seen in low levels but will increase with pancreatitis | Lipase |
| breaks down starches and glycogen, concentrations of this are not considered useful in cats, hemolysis and lipemia may elevate the values | amylase |
| test of choice to determine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs(common cause of malabsorption, but rarely occurs in cats) | Trypsinlike Immunoreactivity on Serum (TLI) |
| found in large amounts in hepatocytes of dog/cat/primate, useful and specific test for liver function in these species, increased levels will be seen if hepatocytes are damaged, do not freeze samples | ALT(alanine aminotransferase or alanine transaminase) |
| present in all tissues of the body(esp cardiac & skeletal muscle, and the liver) | AST(aspartate aminotransferase or aspartate transaminase) |
| present in all tissues esp. bone and liver, increases are due to increase in production rather than reduced excretion, increases in young animals is common due to bone growth or old animals with bone injury, | Alk Phos(alkaline phosphate) |
| this species have higher than normal AST values | horses |
| found in most tissues, nonspecific test, used as supporting information when combined with other test | LDH(lactate dehydrogenase) |
| liver, pancrease, kidney functions, elevations in serum usually due to liver, in small animals elevations of this along with ALT are a good indication of fatty liver dz | GGT(Y-glutamyltransferase) |
| primarily in liver cells, hepatocellular damage or necrosis, used in lg animals to replace ALT, very unstable must process in house to be accurate | SD(Sorbitol dehydrogenase) |
| produced by metabolism of heme, associated with jaundice | Bilirubin |
| amounts of this in the urine is never normal except in cattle | Bilirubin |
| 50% of Bilirubin will be lost in _______ hours if left in light | the first |
| breakdown or excretion of protein or protein systhesis by the liver will alter results along with over hydration or dehydration | TP(total protein) |
| decreased levels occur with chronic liver dz, malnutrition, malasorption, enteritis, parasites trauma, blood loss | ALB(Albumin) |
| a very complex group of serum proteins, one of the coagulation factors, increases seen with inflammation/infection, antigenic stimulation | Globulins |
| calculated by dividing serum albumin results by the globulin results, early indication of abnormal protein profile | A:G |
| formed by the liver, secreted into the bile, store by gallbladder between meals, activated by fats to be secreted into the small intestine | Bile Acids |
| composed of anions(negatively charged ions) and cations(positively charged ions) | Electrolytes |
| most abundant extracellular cation, plays major distribution role in distributing water | Na+ |
| cation that is 90% intracellular, indicator of serum acidosis or alkalosis | K+ |
| most abundant extracellular anion, important role in water/osmotic pressure and electrolyte balance | Cl- |
| 99% is made in bone, has an inverse relationship with phosphorous | Ca2+ |
| 80% is found in bone, remaining % functions to metabolize carbs, release & store energy | Phosphorous |
| cation found in all body tissues, closely related to calcium and phosphorous levels | Mg2+ |
| frequent urination | pollakiuria |
| increase in urine output or production | polyuria |
| complete absence of urine formation or elimination | anuria |
| storage of urine in the bladder as it fills | continence |
| the passage of urine from the bladder without conscius control, unable to store urine | incontinence |
| physiological term for emptying the bladder | micturition |
| difficulty or painful urination | dysuria |
| pus in the urine | pyuria |
| proper term for ear mites | otodecties cynotis |
| a tear or rent in the diaphragm causing abdominal organs to enter the chest cavity | diaphragmatic hernia |
| these pulses are indicative of a heart problem in animals | jugular |
| relatively clean wounds that are pulled together with sutures and healing progresses with out complications EX: sm lacerations minor/clean wounds | primary or first intention wound healing |
| wounds that are left open and allowed to heal from the inner areas out EX: large infected wounds | second intention wound healing |
| allowed to heal initially by second intention and eventually closed with sutures EX: Lg degloving injuries, burns | third intention wound healing |
| removal of necrotic tissue | debridement |
| exam of this system is nose/throat> auscultate the lungs watching the animal breathe | respiratory system |
| exam of this system is coat> nails> skin> skin turgor> skin palpation | integumentary system |
| exam begins with MMC and CRT > jugular flow> palpate femoral pulse> ausultate the heart> | cardiovascular system |
| exam begins with mouth> teeth> gums> palpate neck for esophageal masses or FB> palpate cranial/caudal abdomen> rectal | gastrointestinal system |
| exam begins with palpate kidneys> palpate bladder> Palpate mammary chains> | urogenital system |
| exam begins with palpate muscle of head and limbs> manipulation of joints> palpate long bones and vertebrae | musculoskeletal system |
| exam begins with mental status> spinal cord reflexes> superficial and deep pain> panniculus reflex | Nervous system |
| exam begins with palpable lymph nodes: submandibular> prescapular> popliteal> axillary> inguinal | peripheral lymph nodes |
| exam begins with reflexes/responses to visual stimuli> discharge> corneal changes> color of conjunctiva> pulis size | eyes |
| exam begins with response to auditory stimuli> debris in the earl canal or unusual or excessive odor> animal shaking head? | ears |
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chop
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