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A&P- Ch. 2 & 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anything that occupies space and has mass | Matter |
| Matter can exist as: | Solid, liquid, gas |
| Substances that can not be separated into smaller parts by any natural means. Referred to by a chemical number and organized on the Periodic Table | Elements |
| The number of protons in an atom | Atomic number |
| How much the atom weighs | Atomic weight |
| Major elements of the body | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen |
| Minor elements of the body | Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium |
| The smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element | Atom |
| Subatomic particles that compose an atom | Protons, neutrons, electrons |
| Subatomic particles found in the nucleus | Protons and neutrons |
| Atomic mass of each proton and neutron | ~1 |
| Protons and neutrons determine this of an atom | Atomic weight |
| Positive charge particles | Protons |
| Negatively charged particles | Electrons |
| Neutrally charged particles | Neutrons |
| Net charge of atoms are neutral because they have equal numbers of what? | Protons and electrons |
| What are the tiny particles that remain in constant motion around the nucleus? | Electrons |
| What is so tiny that their mass doesn't contribute to the atomic weight of an atom? | Electrons |
| Pathways around the nucleus where electrons orbit | Electron shells |
| How many electrons can be in the first electron shell? | 2 |
| How many electrons can be in the second and third electron shells? | 8 |
| The name of an atom when the outermost electron shell of an atom is not full | Reactive |
| The name of an atom when the outermost electron shell of an atom is full | Inert |
| What tells us how many protons and electrons an atom has? | Atomic number |
| If an atom loses or gains an electron in an attempt to fill its outermost shell then is becomes positively or negatively charged thereby becoming what? | Ion |
| If an atom has a different number of neutrons, they are called what of the element? | Isotopes |
| If an atom wants to release an electron, it becomes more positively charged | Positive ion |
| If an atom wants to gain an electron, it becomes more negatively charged. | Negative ion |
| When atoms are joined together by chemical bonds. These are the smallest part of a substance that retains the properties of the substance | Molecule |
| When two or more atoms of the same element are joined together | Molecule of the element |
| A substance made up of two or more elements | Compound |
| How atoms are attached to one another | Bonds |
| Atoms are sharing or transferring electrons between them. By sharing or giving away electrons, each atom can be sure that its outermost shell is full | Chemical bonds |
| Bonds formed when atoms share bonds | Covalent bonds |
| 1 electron is shared between two atoms | Single covalent bond |
| 2 electrons are shared between 2 atoms | Double covalent bond |
| 3 electrons are shared between 2 atoms | Triple covalent bond |
| Shared electrons in a covalently bonded molecule may spend more time near one atom than another | Polar molecule |
| Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another (not sharing electrons) | Ionic bonds |
| Ions with a net positive charge | Cations |
| Ions with a net negative charge | Anions |
| Important in contraction of muscle fibers, transmission of nerve impulses, and maintenance of water balance | Ions |
| Bond between hydrogen atoms already covalently bonded in a molecule to oppositely charged particles; Found between water molecules and DNA to stabilize shape | Hydrogen bonds |
| The formation and breaking of chemical bonds; require energy input or release of energy | Chemical reactions |
| Reaction is described in written form X + Y -> Z | Chemical equation |
| New and more complex molecule is made from simpler chemicals; require energy X + Y = XY | Synthesis reaction |
| Single complex chemical is broken down into multiple, simpler chemicals; reactions expend or release energy XY -> X + Y | Decomposition reaction |
| Certain atoms are exchanged between molecules. Combination of synthesis and decomposition reaction; have no net energy requirements. Energy released from decomposition portion helps with synthesis portion. XY + ZW -> XZ + YW | Exchange reaction |
| Factors that influence reaction rates: | Temperature, concentration of reactants, activation energy |
| The energy required for a reaction to happen | Activation energy |
| Some reactions require the presence of a...? (Reaction speed is increased when this is present) | Catalyst or enzyme |
| Molecules that contain carbon. | Organic molecules |
| 4 groups of Organic Molecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids |
| Carbohydrates; used for energy storage and cellular structures. | Glycogen |
| Lipids | Steroids |
| Proteins | Globular (functional) |
| Nucleic acids | DNA |
| Simple sugars (Glucose and Fructose) | Monosaccharide |
| When two monosaccharides are joined together in synthesis reaction | Disaccharide |
| Combinations of many monosaccharides (Glycogen and Cellulose) | Polysaccharide |
| When a macromolecule is formed out of a carbohydrate attached to a protein | Glycoprotein |
| Process of building molecules needed for cellular functioning | Anabolism |
| Decomposition of nutrients | Catabolism |
| Used for energy and stored in fat | Lipids |
| 4 classes of Lipids: | Triglycerides, Steroids, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins |
| Another name for triglycerides or fats | Neutral fats |
| All bonds in the hydrocarbon chain are single bonds | Saturated fatty acids |
| When there are some double bonds between the carbon and hydrogen atoms | Unsaturated fatty acids |
| Macromolecule composed of proteins and lipids | Lipoprotein |
| When triglycerides are decomposed | Hydrolysis |
| Make up the cell membrane; have a glycerol backbone; have a lipids bilayer when placed in water; hydrophillic heads are facing water and hydrophobic tails line up with one another | Phospholipids |
| Take form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings; Hydrophobic; Examples include Cholesterol and Cortisol | Steroids |
| Lipids formed from a 20 carbon fatty acid and ring structure | Eicosanoids |
| Eicosanoids in inflammation | Prostaglandins |
| Eicosanoids in platelet function | Thromboxane |
| Eicosanoids in bronchoconstruction and increased mucus production; mediate inflammation in the allergic process | Leukotriene |
| Most abundant organic molecules in the body; have widest variety of functions; catalyze the reactions occurring in the body; composed of amino acids | Proteins |
| Stable, rigid, water-insoluble proteins that are used for adding strength to tissues or cells (AKA Fibrous proteins); important in structural framework and physical movement (Examples include collagen, keratine, actin, and myosin) | Structural proteins |
| Function in chemical reactions, transport of molecules, regulation of metabolism, and immune system; include hormones, antibodies, protein-based hormones, and enzymes | Functional proteins |
| Proteins that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions (will end in -ase) | Enzymes |
| The substance that the enzyme acts upon | Substrates |
| Largest molecule of the body; Information needed to produce proteins is based on order of the nucleotides in DNA and RNA | Nucleic acids |
| 2 classes of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| Exists mainly in the nucleus but also in mitochondria; contains all instructions needed by a cell to build proteins; coded in segments called genes | DNA |
| Transfers the instructions out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm and builds proteins; exists as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA | RNA |
| The molecular building blocks of nucleic acids; composed of 5 different nucleotides, but all have the same structure; are composed of a 5-carbon pentose sugar; named for their nitrogen base | Nucleotides |
| 5 different types of nucleotides | Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil |
| Sugar in DNA | Deoxyribose |
| Sugar in RNA | Ribose |
| Long chains of genes combined with proteins | Chromosomes |
| Consists of 2 parallel strands of nucleotides adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; connected by hydrogen bonds between specific pairings of nucleotides; once bound, these strands twist around one another to form a double helix | DNA |
| Consists of only one strand of nucleotides; does not have thymine but instead has uracil; exists in 3 forms: tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA | RNA |
| Transfer RNA; translates mRNA into a protein | tRNA |
| Messenger RNA; carries information out of the nucleus | mRNA |
| Ribosomal RNA; creates the proteins needed by the body | rRNA |
| Carries energy | ATP |
| Basic units of living things; can exist as a single, free-living plant or animal, or can combine to form elaborate and complex organisms | Cells |
| "Before nucleus"; cells without nucleus were thought to have developed first; Has DNA but not in a separate compartment | Prokaryotes |
| "True nucleus"; developed later and are found in all multicellular organisms; has a distinct nucleus surrounded by a protective "nuclear envelope" | Eukaryotes |
| Size of most cells is restricted to 10-30 um in diameter because of a relationship between...? | Surface area and volume of a cell |
| Also known as plasma membrane; separates cell from environment; flexible, elastic barrier between inner cytoplasm & outer environment; Contains infoldings & outpouchings that provide extra surface area; capable of self repair | Cell membrane |
| Everything inside the cell memebrane but outside the nucleus | Cytoplasm |
| Contains the genetic material of a cell | Nucleus |
| Composed of 2 layers of phospholipids; hydrophillic heads on outside; hydrophobic tails face each other; most lipid soluble molecules easily pass through membrane; water-soluble molecules do not readily pass through | Lipid bilayer |
| Proteins suspended in bilayer and move easily throughout membrane to create a constantly changing pattern | Fluid mosaic |
| Proteins that occur within the bilayer; may span the entire width of the membrane and create channels through with other molecules can pass. | Integral proteins |
| Channels that permit only certain molecules in or out of the cell | Selective |
| Channels that allow the passage of molecules freely | Pores |
| Type of globular protein which can be bound to the inside or outside surfaces of the cell membrane; sometimes act as enzymes; may be involved in changing the cell's shape (muscle contraction) | Peripheral proteins |
| Coating on the cell surface of some cells made of glycoprotein and glyolipids; unique to each cell- provides markers for recognition & for interactions | Glycocalyx |
| Sticky glycoproteins that cover cell surface; helps cells move past one another & signaling; signal circulating cells like WBCs to areas of inflammation or infection | Cell adhesion molecules |
| Integral proteins & glycoproteins that act as binding sites on the cell surface; involved with signaling as well. | Membrane receptors |
| Occur in large numbers on the exposed surface of some cells; shorter than flagella and move synchronously to create waves motion for propulsion | Cilia |
| Significantly longer than cilia and usually occur singularly; attached to individual cells and aid in propulsion | Flagella |
| The inner substance of the cell, excluding the nucleus; components include: cytosol, cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions | Cytoplasm |
| The fluid of the cell; viscous, semi-transparent liquid composed of dissolved electrolytes, amino acids, & simple sugars; proteins suspended within fluid give it the thick, jellylike consistency | Cytosol |
| 3 dimensional frame for the cells; flexible & fibrous & changes in accordance to activities of the cell; gives support & shape to the cell, enables cell to move & provides direction for metabolic activity; anchors organelles | Cytoskeleton |
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