click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
VET 1250 Final Rev
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What compartment of the heart has the thickest wall? | left ventricle |
these blood vessels do not have muscles in their walls | capillaries |
the heart muscle is called | myocardium |
what are the largest leukocytes in an animal's circulation | monocytes |
closing of the semilunar valves corresponds to which of the following | S2 |
what organ stores blood to be used when oxygen is needed | spleen |
what makes erythrocytes red | hemoglobin |
which cell does not phagocytize foreign material | lymphocytes |
which of the following occurs during systole | cardiac muscle contracts, blood is ejected from the ventricles in the arteries, blood is ejected from the atria to the ventricles |
which valve has two flaps | mitral |
what term is used to describe the production of antibodies (or immunoglobulins) by plasma cells | humoral immunity |
which leukocyte is involved in antibody production and cellular immunity | lymphocyte |
what makes plasma yellow | bilirubin |
what is the parent cell of the platelet | megakaryocyte |
what part of the heart is in the tip of the apex | left ventricle |
what part of the heart is in the tip of the apex | left ventricle |
at what level is the heart in horses and ruminents | between the second and sixth rib |
what is the name of clotting factor IV | calcium |
the three granulocytes are | eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils |
which vein is often used for venipuncture in rodents | coccygeal |
what is the name of the connection between the right and left atria in the fetus | foramen ovale |
what vein lies along the medial aspect of the hind limb between the groin and tarsal joint | femoral |
to what does O2 attach in erythrocytes | iron that is part of the heme group |
what organ releases erythropoietin to stimulate erythrocyte production by the bone marrow | kidney |
what immunoglobulin is made during the first exposure to an antigen | IgG |
Where does blood that has just been oxygenated in the lungs flow next | left atrium |
what does the T wave represent on the electrocardiogram | repolarization of the ventricles |
the process of coating invading microorganisms with specific antibodies that help neutrophils phagocytize them is called | opsonization |
deoxygenated blood enters the heart in the cranial and caudal vena cavae | true |
an electrocardiogram is the representation of the electric current passing through the heart | true |
the tricuspid valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium | false |
the spleen is the largest lymphoid tissue in the body | true |
after antigenic stimulation, B cells transform into plasma cells | true |
these contain histamine and heparin/ allergic reaction | basophil |
anti-inflammatory response, humoral immunity, phagocytosis of parasitic | eosinophil |
engulf microorganisms and other microscopic debris in tissue, granules are lysosomes | neutrophil |
clean up cellular debris following inflammation/infection | monocyte |
what are the main functions of blood | transport, regulate, defense |
difference between plasma and serum | plasma= clotting factors serum=none |
common function of all white cells | provide defense against foreign invaders |
what are the 3 functions of platelets | maintenance of vascular integrity, platelet plug formation, stabilization of the hemostatic plug by contributing to fibrin formation |
T cell attaches to an antigenic site and becomes sensitized then divides to form different cells | cell-mediated immunity |
production of antibodies | humoral immunity |
secretin and cholecystokinin are produced by the | cells lining the small intestine |
the target for epinephine and norepinephrine is | the whole body |
a deficiency of ADH in the body causes | diabetes insipidus |
somatotropic hormone works to promote | the hyperglycemic effect |
calcitonin | functions to prevent hypercalcemia |
the pituitary gland is also called | hypophysis |
mineralocorticoid that causes sodium ions to be reabsorbed by the kidney back into the bloodstream in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions | aldosterone |
rising amounts of this hormone in the blood cause the anterior pituitary to produce less and less FSH | estrogen |
in most animals ovulation occurs when this hormone reaches its peak | LH |
two other hormones in addition to glucagon that function to raise blood sugar levels are | growth hormones and glucocorticoids |
calcium plays in an important roll in | milk secretion, muscle contraction, blood clotting |
thyroid hormone affects the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbs similar to | GH |
the posterior pituitary gland receives these hormones from the hypothalamus | oxytocin and LH |
this structure produces progestin hormones needed to maintain pregnancy | corpus luteum |
the production of thyroid hormone | increases with exposure to cold temperature |
hormone secretion is usually controlled by | negative feedback systems |
this hormone helps trigger and maintain lactation | prolactin |
testosterone is a steroid with an overall ______ effect | anabolic |
LH is also known as | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone |
the pancreas provide insulin which functions to | lower blood levels of glucose |
these hormones help to maintain blood pressure, resist effects of stress, cause blood glucose to rise, and are also known as steroids | glucocorticoids |
this hormone stimulates strong uterine contractions in the uterus at the time of parturition | oxytocin |
stimulates the lining cells of follicles in the female to produce estrogen | FSH |
another name for somatotropic hormone is | growth hormone |
the neurohypophysis stores hormones produced in the hypothalamus | true |
the posterior pituitary is also known as the neurohypophysis | true |
thyroid hormone allows an animal to generate heat and maintain a constant internal body temp when temperature outside changes | true |
insulin has a hyperglycemic effect in the body | false |
if the thyroid hormone level in the blood is too hight, TSH release is decreased | true |
in males spermatogenesis is stimulated by FSH | true |
the chemical messengers for the nervous system are hormones and the for the endocrine system are neurotransmitters | false |
oxygen is carried on hemoglobin in | RBC |
Eosinophils help responds to allergic reactions and anaphylaxis | true |
Neutrophil granuels dont stain. These cells are considered neutral. They are easily identifiable because they are segmented | true |
platelets maintain_____ form the platlet plug, and stabilize the homeostatic plug. | vascular integrity |
Lymphocytes have ______ round_____ nucleus that takes up most of the cell | Large; unsegmented |
at what level is the heart in horses | between the 2nd and 6th rib |
where does blood that has just been oxygenated in the lungs flow next | to the left atrium |
a reflex arc commonly used to assess the depth of anesthesia is | pupillary light reflex |
sensations from the gastrointestinal tract are provided by this nerve | CN X, vagus |
the two principle divisions that make up the nervous system are the | peripheral and central |
when you pet a dog, which receptors send a sensation from the skin to the dog's brain | afferent |
the two types of cells found in the nervous system | neurons and glia cells |
the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary nervous system functions is the | autonomic nervous system |
the blood-brain barrier is found in the | capillaries |
cells that produce myelin for the cells of the spinal cord and brain are the | oligodendrocytes |
the electrical difference in charges across a neuron cell membrane is | the resting membrane potential |
somatic reflex arcs involve | skeletal muscle |
which of the following neurotransmitters is a catecholamine: enkephalin, acetylcholine, endorphin, dopamine | dopamine |
this supplies a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
during the relative refractory period, the cell may depolarize if | the stimulus is much larger than normal |
an influx of ____ into the synaptic knob results in the fusing of vesicles containing neurotransmitters with the knob's cellular membrane | calcium |
an action potential can be described as | a large change in electrical charge from negative to positive inside the cell |
the types of neurons that carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord are called | sensory neurons |
cells that are important in the blood brain barrier are the | astrocytes |
during repolarization | potassium ions move out of the cells |
the gray matter of the spinal cord contains | neuron cell bodies |
cells that support neurons structurally and functionally are called | neuroglia |
the sympathetic nervous system causes | pupil dilation, constriction of small blood vessels supplying the kidneys, skin, and gastrointestinal tract |
increases heart rate | acetylcholine |
the part of the brain responsible for learning, intelligence, and awareness ("higher-order" functions) is | cerebrum |
the brainstem includes the | pons, midbrain, and medulla oblongata |
the sodium-potassium pump moves potassium ions from inside to outside the neuron's cell membrane | false |
during depolarization, sodium ions move into the neuron | true |
nicotinic and muscarinic are names from adrenergic receptors | false |
spinal nerves are in the cns | false |
in a flight or fight situation, activity in the gastrointestinal tract is increased | false |
nerves for the sympahtetic nervous system emerge from the thoracic and lumbar vertebral regions in the back | true |
a nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization along the cell membrane | true |
the myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier work together to enhance the speed of conduction of nerve impulses along axons | true |
portion of gray matter of the spinal cord that conducts sensory impulses | dorsal horn |
middle of the major branches of the brachial plexus | median nerve |
section of the brain responsible for subconscious functions | diencephelon |
brain and spinal cord | central nervous system |
section of the brain responsible for learning, intellegence, and awareness | cerebrum |
nerve found on the medial surface of thigh near the femoral artery | femoral nerve |
structure of the brain made of nerve fibers connect to R and L hemispheres | corpus callosum |
nerve cell, basic functional unit | neuron |
middle layer of the meninges | arachnoid |
nerve that carry messages away from the brain to the rest of the body | motor nerve |
fold in the cerebrum, and cerebellum | gyrus |
portion of the diencephelon links the brain with the pituitary gland | hypothalamus |
cranial nerve vII | facial nerve |
connective tissue layer that covers the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
section of the brain that is a passageway between the brain stem and cerebrum | brain stem |
section of the brain responsible for movement balance, posture, and reflexes | cerebellum |
large nerve found on the lateral side of the hind leg beneath the biceps muscle | sciatic nerve |
shallow fissures that seperate the gyri | sulcus |
outer fibrous layer of the meninges | dura mater |
cnc made up of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibers | gray matter |
cranial nerve x | vagus nerve |
collection of nerve fibers in the cns that are surrounded by myelin | white matter |
nerves originate from the brain | cranial nerves |
largest most cranial of the branches of the brachial plexus | radial nerve |
part of the diencephalon that acts as a relay station for regulating sensory impulse | Thalamus |
Explain what is occurring during Depolarizations | Na+ channel opens allowing Na+ ions to flow into the cell quickly |
Explain what is occurring during Repolarization | Na+ channels close and K+ channels open allowing K+ to flow out of the cell. |
If an animal is not pregnant, the corpus luteum degenerates at the end of diestrus | true |
what occurs during capacitation | release of digestive enzymes from the acrosome |
sperm cells develop in the | seminiferous tubules |
What happens if an ovum has been fertilized and implants in the uterus? | the corpus luteum is maintained, progesterone is produced |
Where does fertilization USUALLY take place | fallopian tube |
Metritis may develop in ruminants if part of the placenta is retained | true |
Which animal is diestrous? fox, cattle, dog, swine | dog |
The hormone that causes the formation of the corpus luteum and is also the ovulation hormone is: | lh |
If estrogen in the female is the counterpart of testosterone in the male, then which part of the ovary would be the counterpart of the interstitial cells of the testes? | granulosa cells |
The tube that leaves the scrotal sac and enters the abdominal cavity is the | ductus deferens |
What hormone helps transport spermatozoa to the oviduct inside the uterus | oxytocin |
In cold conditions, this muscle contracts to pull the testes up closer to the body for warmth | cremaster |
The tube that carries sperm out of the body and is also part of the urinary system is the | urethra |
What structure connects the fetus to the placenta | umbilical cord |
In which animal would you expect to find diffuse attachment of the placenta to the uterus during pregnancy | horse |
regarding oogenisis: | Primary oocytes have a normal diploid chromosome number for each species |
What is the significance of the bulb of the glans in the dog | When it is enlarged, it is impossible for the male to withdraw from the female |
Which hormone keeps the myometrium calm and quiet during gestation | progesterone |
What hormone level must increase (or surge) before ovulation will occur | lh |
Where are androgens produced in the male | interstitial cells |
Which of the following occur during estrus | Physical and behavioral changes signal the female’s willingness to breed to the male. |
When gametes unite, they form | zygote |
Which layer of placenta attaches to the uterus | chorion |
After ovulation, the hormone-secreting remnant of the follicle is called the: | corpus luteum |
The acrosome of the sperm cell | contains enzymes that help break down the covering of the ovum |
In what part of the female reproductive tract does mitosis begin within the zygote | oviduct |
Which of the following occur during proestrus | The epithelial lining of the vagina cornifies |
What hormone causes muscle-like myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and small ducts to contract | oxytocin |
What is the name of the process that involves the uterus gradually returning to its nonpregnant size | involution |
Which cells have a haploid chromosome number | spermatozoa and ova |
What is another name for interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)? | lh |
Why is the midpiece of the spermatozoon referred to as the “power plant” of the cell? | It contains many energy-producing mitochondria |