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Rodents
Rabbits, Rodents and Ferrets Lecture 10-
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are included in the suborder myomorpha? | rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils |
| What are included in the suborder hystricomorphia? | guinea pigs, chinchillas |
| What are included in the suborder sciuromorpha? | squirrels, prairie dogs |
| Historical uses of rodents: | pest animals, lab animals, pets |
| Dental anatomy of rodents: | 2 front teeth - 4 incisors (top and bottom), rodent means to gnaw, no canines, molars vary |
| Gerbils have "....." colored ventral belly and skin glands | orange |
| Syrian hamsters have "...." colored hip skin glands | Brown |
| Rodents have varying _______ and _______ which are important to know so you can understand what is normal | integument and glands |
| Rats have _____ glands that produce a liquidy substance that appears like blood | Harderian |
| Why do rats release liquidy red tears? | Stress or illness |
| True or False, rodents keep thymus throughout life | TRUE |
| What is brown fat? | storage of food for hybernation, normal anatomical thing in rodents |
| How do you determine sex in rodents? | anogenital distance, distance between anus and prepuce greater in males, also females have 3 orifices and nipples |
| What is the best rodent diet? | Varies Rats/Mice: rodent blocks are good Guinea pigs, Chinchillas, etc: it varies |
| What bedding is best for rodents? | Wood Shavings: cedar, aspen, mixed hardwoods ..... not pine, or with added chemicals Newspaper Processed bedding -- cooked corn cobs, recycled paper, etc. |
| What is the sniff test? | Put cedar into a pickle bucket --- if you can stand the smell in a bucket for approx 5 minutes, then it's probably okay --- NOT REALITY, just proving a point |
| What is the downside of rodent bedding - especially corn cobs? | If they get wet, can grow mold ---- must change fairly often |
| What species enjoy Dust Baths? | Chinichillas, Degus, Gerbils |
| Expected life spans: | Mouse 1.5-3y Rat 2.5-3.5y Gerbil 3-4y Hamster 1.5-2y Guinea Pig 4-5y Chinchilla 8-10y |
| What is appropriate rodent restraint? | most can be gently handled and cradled mice: can be scruffed at neck and pulled by tail rats: can put hand behind shoulders and hold tail at base hamsters/gerbils: scruff until they smile guinea pigs/chinchillas: gentle |
| True or False, rodents need vaccines | FALSE, just focus on husbandry and nutrition |
| blood collection sites in rodents: | Go for the jug, or cephalic saphenous, metatarsal, or lateral tail vein |
| NEVER do __________ in rodents for a blood sample: | toe nail clips, rotrobulbar sticks, or cardiac sticks (under anesthesia only and if the life did not matter) |
| What blood tubes should you use? | Purple EDTA and red top, occasionally if sample is too small can use heparin in the syringe and put into green top (not preferred though) |
| Rodents need a ________ mg/kg dosage of chemotherapeutics than dogs due to metabolic scaling | higher |
| What radiographic artifact may we see around rodent skulls? | Food in their cheek pouches |
| What are common traumas seen in rodents? | Abdominal trauma, broken bones, spine/head injuries |
| How do you treat broken bones? | you can try splints, but they often chew them off - so amputation is a viable option |
| What are errors in husbandry often result in health problems? | Over feeding, inappropriate diet (bird seeds), lack of water |
| What is mycoplasma pulmonis? | A very common mycoplasma in rats and mice CS: sneezing, respiratory distress, otitis media Dx: serology, culture Tx: Doxycycline and/or Enrofloxacin |
| Why will you not see open mouth breathing in rodents in respiratory distress? | They are obligate nasal breathers |
| What disease am I describing: Common CS: pneumonia, acute dz w/ sudden death Dx: Bacterial culture Tx: Enrofloxacin or chloramphenicol | Pasteurella multocida (Pasteurellosis) |
| Name the etiology: Common CS: respiratory distress in juveniles Dx: serology and virus isolation Tx: self limiting (1-2w), supportive tx | Paramyxovirus (Sendai Virus) |
| What are common characteristics of dental disease in rodents? | Genetic or traumatic, very common CS: abnormal teeth, anorexia, weight loss nasal d/c Dx: PE and Rads Tx: clipping or removal of affected teeth |
| What is different about dental disease between rodents and rabbits? | Rodents have greater problems with incisors while rabbits have more problems with molars (rabbit molars are evergrowing and often result in occlusion problems) |
| What kidney diseases due you see in rodents? Specifically, rats, hamsters, and gerbils? | Rats: chronic progressive nephrosis Hamsters: Renal amyoidosis Gerbils: chronic interstitial nephritis |
| What is a common disease we actually cause in rodents? | antibiotic associated enteritis |
| What abx are actual toxic to rodents and what are the CS? | Streptomycin and Dihydrostreptomycin Neuromuscular blockade |
| Describe the characteristics of abx associated enteritis: | Iatrogenic, endotoxemia, very common CS: diarrhea, bloat, rectal prolapse dx: recent abx, clinical signs tx: supportive care; however true dysbiosis has very poor prognosis |
| Which species are most susceptible to dysbiosis? | Hamsters, Guinea Pigs, Rabbits, Horses, Humans Cows, Cats, Dogs In order of most to least susceptible |
| Which abx are least likely to induce AAE? | aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, fluroquinolones, metronidazole, trimethoprim-sulfa |
| Which abx are MOST likely to incude AAE? | amoxicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, teteracycline |
| What disease occurs occasionally, presents acutely as septicemia and anorexia or chronically as gradual wasting? You diagnose with culture and treat supportively, possibly with abx. | Salmonella |
| Describe Tyzzer's Disease | Clostridium piliforme Incidence: moderate CS: diarrhea, weight loss, and high mortality Dx: serology and histopathology Tx: penicillin and tetracycline ----- but dysbiosis?? |
| What intestinal parasites are common? | Many different, classic example is pin worms in mice Giardia and crytopsporidium can also be of concern |
| What dermatological disease is characterized by an annular constriction of the tail? | Tail necrosis or "ring tail" |
| How do you treat ring tail? | Increase humidity, but usually amputate |
| What is barbering? | A behavioral problem characterized by hair loss with normal skin, usually over the nose or flank - likely due to overcrowding. Treat by decreasing crowding and removing aggressive animals. |
| How do you recognize and treat bite wounds? | small laceration seen on tail, rump, neck, and head - treat by decreasing crowding and removing aggressive animals |
| What causes pododermatitis? | sharp or rough floor surfaces (wire caging) ---- cause wounds and welling on the feet Tx: replace flooring, clean wounds |
| What is the main culprit for bacterial dermatitis? | irritating or filthy bedding |
| How do you dx and tx bacterial dermatitis? | dx: culture and cytology tx: abx and removal of dirty bedding |
| What dermatophytes do we commonly see in rodentss? | Trichophyton metagrophytes (primary species, unlike dogs or cats) and Microsporum sp. |
| How do you diagnose and tx dermatophytosis? | focal alopecia on PE, Dx: KOH cytology or DTM culture Tx: Itraconazole, Terbinafine |
| What external parasites cause dermatological lesions on rodents? | Mites (demodex, myobia, trxacarus, liponyssus) Lice |
| What common mite do we see in rats? | Ornithonyssus bacoti - found in rats, mice, gerbils, and hamsters |
| What is chromodacryorrhea and what species is it common in? | red discharge from the eyes and nose, often from stress, dx w/ wood's lamp or cytology, no treatment ---- common to RATS |
| What chronic mycoplasmosis is particularly common in rats? | Mycoplasma pulmonis |
| What respiratory disease in rats is associated with the cilia and diagnosed with serology, culture, or electron mycroscopy? | Cilia-Associated Respiratory Bacillus (CAR) |
| What is the tx for CAR? | None - supportive care |
| What are the characteristics of streptocuccus pneumonia? | common respiratory disease with rhinitis, septiciemia, dx w/ culture/cytology and tx w/ penicillin occurs in rats |
| Describe Pseudoteuberculosis | Corynebacterium kutscheri --- respiratory distress and systemic infections, dx by bacterial culture and tx w/ tetracycline |
| what viral penumonias are concerning in rats? | Sendai and Rat Respiratory virus (Hantavirus) |
| What disease is very common in older rats? | Renal Disease (chronic progressive nephrosis) |
| What old rat disease is characterized by gradual hind limb ataxia, muscle atrophy, and incontinence? | Posterior Paresis (radiculoneuropathy of the spinal roots) |
| What is the most important rat neoplasia? | mammary gland fibroadenomas |
| What other rat tumors are concerning? | pituitary gland adenomas, testicular cell interstitial cell adenomas, and thyroid gland (C cell) adenomas |
| What respiratory virus is common in juvenile mice? What is a common co-infection? | Sendai (Paramyxovirus), usually self limiting (1-2w), supportive tx Often co-infected with mycoplasma |
| What is a likely cause of diarrhea and prolapsed rectum in juvenile mice and how do you dx and tx? | Citrobacter enteretis (citrobacter freundii), dx: bacterial culture, tx: tetracycline |
| What is 'mouse hepatitis' virus? | Coronavirus -- mostly a lab-animal disease - CS: enteritis, diarrhea, failure to grow -- self-limiting |
| What happens in mice that is characterized by self-mutilation and an inability to urinate? | Urethral obstruction: Bacterial infection of the preputial glands, uroliths, or trauma |
| What mites are classic in mice? | Myobia musculi and myocoptes musculinus, raffordia affinis |
| How do you dx and tx mites and mice? | Dx: skin scrape Tx: ivermectin |
| What dermatological problem is prevalent in all rodents, but particularly important in mice? | barbering and fight wounds |
| What progressive necrosis dermatitis affects the ears of mice? | Idiopathic ulcerative dermatitis |
| What aggressive neoplasia is common to mice? | Mammary gland adenocarcinomas (Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus?) |
| What other neoplasias occur in mice? | Hepatic carcinomas, lymphocytic leukemia |
| What is the most common hamster? | Syrian hamster |
| Hamsters have large family trees, True or False | FALSE --- narrow trees, all very similar 3 animals began syrian hamster line! |
| How much food can hamsters carry in their cheek pouches? | half their body weight |
| What common organism is responsible for pneumonia and acute death in hamsters? | Pasteurella multocida Dx: bacterial culture Tx: enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol |
| What are syrian hamsters used for in lab-animal medicine? | immunology and toxin research (toxins in the pouches) |
| What subclinical disease in hamsters (and other rodents, esp. wild mice) has been associated with malformations in human pregnancies? | Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) |
| What disease is caused by lawsonia intracellularis in hamsters? CS, Dx, Tx: | "Wet Tail" or Proliferative Enteritis, v common CS: diarrhea, anorexia, rectal prolapse, intestinal intusseceptions Dx: CS, histopath (warthin-starry stain) Tx: supportive, chloramphenicol, enrolfoxacin |
| True or False, hamsters are less sensitive to AAE than other rodents? | FALSE, VERY SUSCEPTIBLE |
| What is the classic cause of renal failure in hamsters? | Amyloidosis CS: hypoproteinemia, ascites Common in older hamsters Can also have hepatic consequences |
| What are 2 common causes of hamster sudden death or presenting in severe respiratory distress? | Arterial thrombosis or Cardiomyopathy |
| What else is adrenocortical hyperplasia in hamsters known as? | CUSHINGS CS: alopecia, PU/PD Tx: none documented |
| What does a congenital problem in the bile duct of hamsters cause? | Hepatic cysts CS: swelling of the abdomen, Dx: PE, US no treatment |
| What normal finding on hamsters may look like infection? | postovulatory discharge --- mucous plug in vulva |
| What type of lymphoma do hamsters suffer from | Epizootic hamster polyomavirus in young animals |
| What other cancers do hamsters get? | Lymphomas and trichoepitheliomas, SCC, melanomas |
| What is the common pet gerbil? | Mongolian gerbil |
| What disease is common in gerbils characterized by diarrhea, weight loss, and high mortality? | Tyzzer's Disease - clostridium piliforme |
| What type of facial dermatitis is common in gerbils? | Sore Nose --- Staphyloccus, chromodacrorrhea, moist or bloody nose Dx: PE Tx: chloramphenicol, cage hygiene |
| How do you recognize a scent gland problem in gerbils? | they occasionally become swollen or inflamed, usually normal; however cytology can indicate infection --- tx: abx or sx |
| What common neuro disorder occurs in gerbils? | Seizures --- epileptic-like, when stimulated or startled (occurs in about 20-40% of gerbils) Usually no tx --- just don't startle gerbil Sometimes phenobarbital |
| What do you need to be careful of with gerbils? | Degloving the tail (tail slip) --- tx: amputation |
| What can a rat block diet cause in gerbils? | Periodontal disease (lesions, obesity, diabetes) Tx: formulated pellets for hamsters or gerbils |
| What neoplasias are concerning in gerbils? | ovarian granulosa cell tumors, SCC of skin and ventral abdominal glands, melanomas of ears and feet, lymphosarcoma |
| What is the life-span of guinea pigs? | 5-6 years |
| What is a diet necessity of guinea pigs? | Vitamin C |
| Where were guinea pigs domesticated? | S. America |
| What is important to guinea pig husbandry? | good ventilation, a hide box, and may be housed in groups |
| What is a guinea pig diet composed of? | HERBIVORES: grass hay base, limited pellets, small amounts of leafy greans |
| What textbook pneumonia occurs in guinea pigs? | Bordetella bronchiseptica, also Strep. sp. CS: pneumonia, respiratory distress, rhinitis, conjunctivitis Dx: bacterial culture Tx: enrofloxacin |
| T/F rabbits and guinea pigs should not live together b/c of bordetella? | False --- they can live together; however, this disease can be transmitted from rabbits to guinea pigs (it's a risk --- documented in lab animal world) |
| What self-limiting disease in guinea pigs causes conjuntivitis in juveniles? If you tx, what can you use? | Chlamydiosis (Chlamydia cavi) Dx: cytology Tx: enroflxacin, topical ophthalmologic tx |
| T/F - guinea pigs are sensitive to allergens | TRUE |
| What does allergic pneumonitis look like in guinea pigs? | acute respiratory distress, treat with oxygen and epinephrine |
| What diseases cause diarrhea in guinea pigs? | Clostridium difficile and Coronavirus |
| What abx would you use to treat clostridial enteritis? | cephalexin |
| What is the common cause of c. difficile? | antibiotics or change of diet |
| How do you tx gastric bloat in guinea pigs? | stomach tube, rare |
| Intestinal hypomotility and stasis in guinea pigs should be treated with: | supportive care, fluids, and pain control |
| How do you treat fecal impaction in guinea pigs? | supportive care, fluids, enemas w/ manual evacuation |
| What is a common urinary issue in guinea pigs? | cystitis and uroliths (struvite, Ca oxalate, and Ca carbonate) |
| How do you treat cystitis or uroliths in guinea pigs? | cystitis - enro uroliths -surgery, vitamin C |
| How do you treat streptococcal lymphadenitis? | lance abcess, chloramphenicol |
| How do guinea pigs get scurvy? | not enough Vitamin C |
| CS of scurvy? | periodontal bleeding, lameness, diarrhea |
| THE disease of Guinea Pigs: | Vitamin C deficiency -- Scurvy |
| What 2 separate diseases are associated with late pregnancy or soon after delivery in guinea pigs? | eclampsia (hypocalcemia) ketosis |
| What pregnancy risk is a concern in guinea pigs associated w/ delivery? | Dystocia ---- can have fusion of pelvic symphysis if not bred early |
| What common occurrence affects non-breeding female guinea pigs? | ovarian cysts (treat w/ OHE) |
| What is guinea pig mange? | trixacarus cavaie ---> alopecia, pruritus, crusting, dx: skin scrapes, tx: ivermectin |
| Guinea Pig neoplasia that behaves like a retrovirus: | lymphosarcoma |
| Guinea pigs are one of the few species that get ______ cancer: | primary lung |
| Other guinea pig neoplasias: | basal cell epithelioma, uterine leiomyomas, ovarian teratomas, mammary gland fibroadenomas |
| Chinchilla fast facts: | adapted to cold, live in family units, life span of 10y or more |
| chinchilla husbandry: | adequate cage size for climbing, exercise wheel, hide box, sand baths |
| What should chinchillas eat? | grass hay base with limited pellets (herbivores) |
| What is a big problem of chinchillas in Florida? | heat stroke -- prolonged exposure to over 80F |
| What is paraphimosis | post-copulatory accumulation of fur around the penis |
| What is slobbers? | lay term for dental dz in chinchillas --- drooling |
| Constipation in chinchillas is ________ | diet related |
| when treating protozoal enteritis in chinchillas what medication should you avoid? | metronidazole |
| What disease causes a head tilt, anorexia, and diarrhea in guinea pigs | Listeria |
| Neurologic chinchilla is likely a victim of: | balisascaris procyonis |
| Degu fun facts: | diurnal, adapted to cold, live in family units, life span 5-9y |
| Degu husbandry: | adequate cage for climbing, solid floor w/ substrate, exercise wheel, hide box, sand baths |
| Degu diet: | Herbivores! grass hay base, limited pellets, avoid sweet foods |
| PU/PD, weight loss, cataracts in degus = | DM |
| Secondary disease to DM and obesity, degu presents for ADR: | hepatic lipidosis |
| Pododermatitis in degus --- secondary infection with: | Staph aureus |
| Degus susceptible to _____ from trauma | tail slip |
| Neoplasia of degus | hepatocellular carcinomas, bronchioalveolar carcinomas |
| Prairie dog fun facts: | diurnal, family units, life span 8-10y, puberty 2-3y |
| Why are prairie dogs different? | Reach puberty late |
| Prairie dog husbandry: | adequate cage size for foraging and digging, dirt substrate, solid or wire flooring, exercise wheel, prefer to live in groups |
| husbandry problems of prairie dogs: | obesity, heart disease, pododermatitis, incisor malocclusion |
| prairie dog diet: | grass hay base, limited pellets, supplement w/ veggies, fruit, seeds (herbivores) |
| diseases of prairie dogs: | alopecia, plague!, odontomas, DCM! |
| prairie dog neoplasia: | hepatocellular carcinoma (viral?) stomach adenocarcinoma |
| What are odontomas? | proliferative lesion blocking the nose having to do with dental problems (malocclusion) ---- prairie dogs have incisor problems |
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