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GI - Terrell
Pathology Lecture 1-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common GI biopsy of canines submitted? | Epulides (29%) |
| Epulides: | Tumor like mass on the gingiva with dental origin |
| 3 types of epulides, origin, and malignancy: | 1. Fibromatous epulis, periodontal ligament, benign 2. Ossifying epulis, periodontal ligament, benign 3. Acthanomatous epulis, ameloblastic epithelium, malignant |
| TRUE or FALSE, benign epulides involve bone lysis | FALSE |
| What do epulides look like? | smooth and mushroom shaped? |
| How common are acanthomatous epulis and do they metastasize | 10% of epulis, locally agressive but do not metastasize, must refer to oncologist for surgery (mandibulectomy or maxilectomy) |
| How common is inflammatory bowel disease in dogs? | 25% of canine GI biopsies submitted |
| How is IBD characterized histopathologically? | with villous damage/atrophy and lymphcytic, plasmacytic infiltration |
| How is IBD diagosed | by ruling out recognized parasitic, allergic, and infectious causes of intestinal inflammation |
| Describe canine gingivitis and it's prevalence? | hyperplastic inflammatory lesions of oral epithelium thought to result from chronic antigenic stimulation of the gingiva or buccal mucosa -- 18% of canine GI biopsies |
| how is gingivitis/stomatitis treated? | resolve dental disease --- treat the teeth! |
| What are the 4 common oral tumors of dogs from most common to least common? | Melanoma > Fibrosarcoma > extramedullary plasmacytoma > SCC |
| What are the 2 forms of oral melanoma and how are they distinguished? | Well differentiated vs. poorly differentiated/amelanotic form, distinguished by mitotic rate (<3 is well differentiated with a not 'as bad' prognosis) |
| Where do high mitotic rate melanomas mestastasize to? | regional LN and lungs |
| TRUE or FALSE, melanomas can be amelanotic | TRUE |
| Which tumor is locally invasive and destructive and often result in euthanasia due to disfigurement? | Fibrosarcomas |
| Which oral tumors are benign but tend to recur? | Extramedullary plamacytoma |
| Which oral tumors are slow growing, often ulcerative and invasive, with metastasis late in the dz | SCC |
| What are Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) | mesenchymal tumor thought to arise from interstitial cells of Cajal and often are misdx as leiomyosarcoma; extraluminal, large, space occupying masses that metastasize in 30% of cases |
| Describe colorectal polyps | occur commonly at anorectal junction, associated w/ tenesmus, hematochezia, diarrhea, and prolapse, sx is usually curative, rarely may have malignant transformation |
| Describe a rectal plasma cell tumor | occur at colorectal junction, raised nodular masses, and often have benign behavior (slow growth, possible recurrence) --- no relation to multiple myeloma |
| What breed of dogs is predisposed to gingival fibrous hyperplasia? | Boxers |
| Where do viral papillomas occur? | on the face and oral mucosa |
| Who do viral papillomas effect? | Usually dogs less than 3 years of age or on immunosuppressive therapy (chemo) |
| How do you treat viral papillomas? | Most will regress on their own over a period of weeks to months - some require surgical excision if they interfere with normal function |
| What are the common oral tumors in cats? | Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and less commonly fibrosarcoma |
| Oral SCC -- prognosis, treatment? | locally invasive and destructive -- higher metastatic potential for laryngeal/tonsillar or sublingual tumors (often to regional LN or lungs), treatment: surgery (wide resection usually difficult) + radiation/chemo |
| What is the usual cause of death in cats dx with fibrosarcoma? | Euthanasia - often due to the disfiguring nature of the disease; metastasis is rare |
| Describe gingivitis/stomatitis in cats | Over 32% of biopsies submitted, inflammatory lesions (ulcerated, thickened lesions), involves paradental stomatitis, lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis, and eosinophilic granuloma |
| How do you treat paradental gingivitis in cats? | Resolution of dental disease |
| What causes lympoplasmacytic stomatitis? | bacterial, viral, +/- dental disease |
| What causes eosinophilic ulcers/granulomas in cats? | unknown - possibly immune mediated |
| How is IBD related to lymphoma in cats? | chronic IBD and low grade intestinal lymphoma may represent a continuum --- difficult to distinguish, and possible IBD progression to LSA |
| What is a frustration when diagnosing lymphoma? | small cell lymphoma often cannot be diagnosed based on biopsy samples of limited size |
| What is the best approach to distinguishing IBD and lymphoma? | Treat for IBD and see if it improves |
| ______ Feline Mast Cell Tumors are often benign while _______ MCTS are aggressive and malignant. | Cutaneous = benign, Intestinal = malignant |
| Where do malignant mast cell tumors met? | multiple sites, lymph nodes, other organs --- grave prognosis |
| What is the most common canine gastrointestinal neoplasia? | Adenocarcinoma |
| What are differentials for adenocarcinoma? | pythiosis, ulceratin, hypterophic pyloric gastropathy |
| What does adenocarcinoma in dogs look like? | often ulcerated, palpates hard like a rock |
| What other GI neoplasias are common in dogs? | Adenocarcinoma (stomach, SI, LI), GIST (stomach, SI, LI), Leiomyoma (Stomach, SI), Lymphosarcoma (stomach, small intestine), Colorectal polyps (LI -- benign) |
| What feline mast GI neoplasias are we concerned about? | MCT in the SI, lympoarcoma, leiomyoma in stomach and SI, and adenocarcinoma in SI and LI |
| Where do you commonly see pythiosis | in the south |
| What breeds of dogs do we regularly see gastric pyloric hypertrophy and how do you treat? | Small breeds --- causes outflow obstruction so treat surgically |
| What is the tx for gastric serosal leiomyoma | surgical resection |
| What is characteristic of intestinal adenocarcinoma lesions? | Firm napkin ring appearance -- narrowing and thickening |
| What can a colonic adenocarcinoma be confused with, how do you differentiate? | May appear as a polyp, but larger and diffuse, firm, often w/ ulceration |
| What virus affects the intestinal crypt cells, myocardium of young animals, and causes immunosuppresion (thymus, lymhpoid tissues, bone marrow suppresion) | Parvovirus, Feline Panleuk |
| What effect does feline panleukopenia have on kittens? | cerebellar hypoplasia |
| What diseases are indistinguishable from mild panleukopenia in cats? | FeLV/FIV associated enteritis |
| What respiratory disease in cats causes oral ulcerations? | Calici virus |
| What bacterial infection can mimic parvo? | Salmonella |
| What bacterial species causes HGE small breed dogs? | helicobacter? --- usually not a concern |
| Who is predisposed to chronicc atrophic gastritis in the pyloric antrum due to helicobacter? | Cats --- also some concern in Cheetahs and Ferrets |
| What are 2 differentials for parasites causing hemorrhagic diarrhea? | hooks and whips (ancylostoma, trichuris) |
| What other nematode species may cause a problem in dogs and cats? | Ollulanis tricuspis, spriocerca lupi |
| What esophageal parasite may undergo malignant transformation into fibrosarc or osteosarc? | Spirocerca lupi |
| What are toxic causes of gastric ulceration? | Azalea, Lead, Arsenic, Zinc, Castor bean, mistle toe, aspirin and nsaids |
| What do steroids and NSAIDS do to cause gastric ulceration? | Block prostaglandin synthesis |
| What disease process may cause oral and gastric ulceration and what is the pathogenesis? | Chronic Kidney Disease Ammonia accumulation, increased protein loss delays healing, and decreased AT III production causes clotting abnormalities |
| What tumor may cause secondary gastric ulcers? | Mast Cell Tumors |
| What is the cause of histiocytic colitis and how to treat, what breed predisposed? | Bacteria (E. Coli), Abx, Boxers |
Created by:
Sara2420
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