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Monitor Anesthesia
Junior - Small Animal Anesthesia Lecture 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
What does oxygen delivery depend on? | ventilation, cardiac output, distribution of cardiac output, hemoglobin concentration and functional state of hemoglobin |
when monitoring the heart, what do we focus on? | rate, rhythm, heart sounds, and cardiac output |
what can we determine when palpating peripheral pulses? | strength and rhythm, can give some info on cardiac output, vascular tone, pulse rate, and rhthym |
where do you palpate a pulse in dogs and cats? | lingual (> in dogs), dorsal pedal, and femoral arteries |
what can be determined by auscultating the heart? | rate, valvular function, and strength |
what does an electrocardiograph monitor? | cardiac electrical function |
what does capillary refill time tell us | indication of peripheral perfusion and arteriolar vasomotor tone |
TRUE or FALSE, dead animals have a normal or fast CRT | TRUE |
TRUE or FALSE, a prolonged CRT always indicates hypotension | FALSE, also increased vascular resistance due to pain, excitement, or shock |
What is the most commonly used clinical parameter to assess perfusion of tissues | Arterial Blood Pressure |
Heart Rate + Stroke Volume = | Cardiac Output |
Cardiac Output + Systemic Peripheral Resistance = | Blood Pressure |
True or False, arterial pressure decreases progressively with increasing depth of anesthesia during maintenance with inhalant anesthetics | TRUE |
Describe the indirect method of blood pressure monitoring: | Digital palpation of peripheral pulse, Doppler with inflatable cuff and sphygmomanometer, or the Oscillometric method |
How large should the cuff be when taking an indirect bp measurement? | width of the cuff must be approx 40% limb circumference |
What side should the cuff bladder be positioned? | on the side of the artery |
What results in an erroneously low bp reading? | A cuff that is either too wide or applied too tight |
What results in an erroneously high bp reading? | A cuff that is either too small or too loose |
TRUE or FALSE, bp measurement accuracy increases at low pressures | FALSE --- decreases |
What is the minimum acceptable systolic pressure? | 80mmHg (60mmHg in cats due to technology consistently resulting in a low reading) |
When is the oscillometric technique reliable? | When patients are stable |
What do we use to monitor the pulmonary system? | Mucous membrane color, pulse oximeter, and capnography |
Minute ventilation = | respiratory rate x tidal volume |
what are the two wavelengths of light measured with a pulse oximeter? | Red light - 660nm (reduced Hb) , and Near infrared 940nm (oxygenated Hb) |
R = | (pulsating component 660 / constant component 660) / (pulsating component 940 / constant component 940) |
Where should oxygen saturation be? | 90%, preferably above 95% |
At PaO2 values greater than _____ , O2Hb% is nearly independent of PaO2 | 90mmHg |
What causes error in pulse oximetry? | presence of dyshemoglobins, dyes and pigments, anemia, ambient light, pigmentation of tissue, electrocautery, and motion artifact |
what does capnography provide? | information about the patient's metabolism, cardiovascular system, and the adequacy of ventilation of the patient's lungs |
Inspired pCO2 should be ____ and end-expired pCO2 should be ____ | 0 and between 35 and 45mmHg |